tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22513837177469902312024-02-08T12:23:29.338-08:00yulianiyulianihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05665580843037726326noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2251383717746990231.post-471349944874901822012-06-16T01:04:00.002-07:002012-06-16T01:05:14.627-07:00ASY-ARIYAH DAN MATURIDIYAH<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b></div>
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</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Puji dan syukur marilah kita panjatkan
kehadirat Allah SWT karena atas nikmat iman dan islam-Nyalah kita masih
merasakan nikmatnya kehidupan ini. Shalawat serta salam semoga tercurah kepada
jungjungan kita <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Leader of Moeslim </i>Muhammad
saw, kepada keluarganya, sahabatnya dan kepada kita sekalian selaku umatnya
yang setia sampai akhir zaman.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kesempatan ini penyusun ingin
mengucapkan banyak terima kasih bagi pihak-pihak yang telah membantu penyusun
dalam penyusunan makalah ini. Penyusun mengucapkan terima kasih kepada:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Allah
SWT,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang telah memberikan taufik, rahmat dan hidayahnya kepada penyusun sehingga
penyusun dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini tepat pada waktunya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua
orang tua Penyusun,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang telah memberikan dukungan baik
moril maupun materil kepada penyusun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sulaeman, M.Ag</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
selaku dosen pembimbing yang telah memberikan arahan dalam penyusunan makalah
ini.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gajah
mati meninggalkan gading, Harimau mati meninggalkan belang</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Itulah pribahasa yang kiranya dapat mewakili harapan penyusun dalam makalah
ini. Secercah harapan yang penyusun siratkan dalam makalah ini adalah semoga
makalah ini dapat berguna bagi semua pihak, manjadi amal baik bagi penyusun,
menjadi motivator bagi mahasiswa lainnya untuk menyusun makalah yang lebih baik
lagi serta semoga menjadi buah yang manis kelak.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
ada gading yang tak retak</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, begitu pula dengan karya yang
penyusun buat ini. Maka dari itu penyusun menantikan saran dan kritik yang
membangun dari semua pihak agar penyusun dapat mengoreksi kesalahan tersebut
dan sebagai bahan pembelajaran bagi penyusun dimasa yang akan datang.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wassalamualaikum Wr.
Wb.</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuningan, 24 Maret 2012</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyusun</span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
ISI</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA
PENGANTAR................................................................................ i</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
ISI................................................................................................ ii</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang Masalah.......................................................................... 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah.................................................................................... </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Yang Ingin Dicapai...................................................................... </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode Yang Digunakan........................................................................ </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistematika Penulisan.............................................................................. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah
Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah....................................................... </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang Asy’ariyah .............................................................. 6 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang Maturidiyah ............................................................. 13</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teologi
Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah....................................................... </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teologi Asy’ariyah............................................................................. 17</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teologi Maturidiyah.......................................................................... 24</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan dan
Perbedaan antara Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan Mengenai Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah ......................... 31</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan dan Perbedan antara Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah ......... 31</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III PENUTUP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simpulan ............................................................................................... 34</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kritik dan Saran....................................................................................... 34</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA................................................................................. 35 </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I<br />
PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah kajian atau
kritikan terhadap teologi yang berkembang bukanlah usaha untuk menghilangkan
subtansi atau membongkar total terhadap pemikiran-pemikiran yang sudah dibangun
oleh para teologi yang berkembang di zamannya, namun untuk melihat kembali
apakah pemikiran tersebut masih relevan di kembangkan padazaman sekarang yang
penuh dengan berbagai macam krakteristik dan dinamika pemikiran atau pemikiran tersebut
perlu dikonstruksi sehingga mampu berdaptasid engan kehidupan modern, disamping
itu dapat mengkomparasikan antara beberapa pemikiran para teolog yang berbeda
dalam metodelogi objektifitas dan kemampuan dalam memahami kebenaran/hakekat.
Kajian terhadap teologi Al-Asy’ariyah dan Al-Maturidiyah disini tidak dimaksudkan
untuk meninggalkan aspek-aspek positif dalam teologi Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah
dari praktek keagamaan umat Islam seluruhnya atau sebagiannya, namun yang diinginkan
dalam wacana ini adalah mencoba mengkaji kebenaran dan keabsahan konsepteologi
ini sebagai landasan berfikir dan beramal umat Islam di masa kini dan
mendatang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis mengutip pandangan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nur Kholis Majid</b> tentang Akidah (teologi As’ariyah). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Yang dimaksud akidah, itu apa sih? Istilah
itu tidak ada dalam al-Qur’an,. Akidah itu artinya ikatan, sampul iman yang
dirumuskan dan diturunkan dalam ilmu kalam, Ushul al-Dinatau ilmu Tauhid. Dan
itu merupakan hasil presepsi sejarah, Taruhlah akidah yang sangat domenan saat
ini, akidah Asy’ari, Misalnya sifat dua puluh (wujud, kidam, baqo’dan
seterusnya) itu adalah hasil kreasi kaum Asy’ariyah sebagai respon terhadap
bahaya banjirnya Hellenisme. Tapi sebagai mana Al-Attas dalam menghadapi barat,
Asy’ari juga menyerang Hellinisme dengan menggunakan falsafat Hellenisme .Dan
untuk itu, Asy’ari berjasa. Akidah Asy’ariyah itu otentik, meskipun perlu di
pertanyakan relevansinya untuk saat ini”.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan seorang tokoh
tersebut dapat dilihat, Bahwat idak menutup kemungkinan ajaran-ajaran yang
sudah tersebar dan mendarah daging di masyarakat, serta dijadikan idiologi
paten yang tidak boleh di otak-atik, masih ada yang perlu dikritisi dan
dirubah, karena banyak pendapat yang juga perlu di pertanyakan keontetikannya, karena
tidak sesuai dengan Naqli ataupun Aqli, hal ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sejauh
mana relevansi doktrin Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah terhadap kehidupan umat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu ciri manusia hidup adalah dengan adanya masalah. Penulis tidak
mengedepankan perbedaan melainkan mencoba memberikan penjelasan yang seobjektif
mungkin terhadap aliran Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah. Penjelasan yang penyusun
sampaikan dalam makalah ini berdasarkan rumusan masalah yang telah penyususn
kaji. Adapun rumusan masalah yang ingin penyusun sajikan dalam makalah ini
adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teologi yang terdapat dalam Asy’ariyah dan
Maturidiyah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan yang
Ingin di Capai</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Adapun Tujuan penulis
dalam penulisan karya tulis ini adalah</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Sebagai salah satu <span lang="IN">tugas
</span>Persentasi Kelompok <span lang="IN">Mata
Pelajaran </span>Filasafat Islam semes<span lang="IN">ter I</span>I<span lang="IN"> Prodi PGMI</span>/PGSD dan </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Mengetahui Latar Belakang, Teologi, serta Persamaan dan
Perbedaan Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode yang di
Gunakan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
deskriftif dengan teknik study kepustakaan atau literature, yaitu pengetahuan
yang bersumber dari beberapa media tulis baik berupa buku, litelatur dan media
lainnya yang tentu ada kaitannya masalah-masalah yang di bahas di dalam Karya
tulis ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistematika
Penulisan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistematika penyusunan
makalah ini dibagi menjadi tiga bagian utama, yang selanjutnya dijabarkan
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaian kesatu adalah
pendahuluan. Dalam bagian ini penyusun memeparkan beberapa Pokok permasalahan
awal yang berhubungan erat dengan permasalah utama. Pada bagian pendahuluan ini
di paparkan tentang latar belakang masalah batasan, dan rumusan masalah, tujuan
penulisan makalah, metode penulisan dan sistematika penulisan makalah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian Kedua yaitu
pembahasan. Pada bagian ini merupakan bagaian utama yang hendak dikaji dalam
proses penyusunan makalah. Penyususn berusaha untuk mendeskripsikan berbagai
temuan yang berhasil ditemukan dari hasil pencarian sumber/bahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian ketiga yaitu
Kesimpulan. Pada Kesempatan ini penyusun berusaha untuk mengemukakan terhadap
semua permasalahan-permasalahan yang dikemukakan oleh penyusun dalam perumusan
masalah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah
Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang Asy’ariyah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah
Asy’ariyah </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asy’ariyah adalah satu firqah yang
dinisbatkan kepada pemahaman Abul Hasan Al-Asy’ari rahimahullahu. Nama asli
beliau adalah </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">`Ali bin Isma`il bin Abi Bisyr Ishaq bin
Salim bin Isma`il bin Abdullah bin Musa bin Bilal bin Burdah bin Musa Al
Asy`ary, lebih dikenal dengan Abu Al Hasan Al Asy`ary. Dilahirkan pada tahun
260 Hijriyah atau 875 Masehi, pada akhir masa daulah Abbasiyah yang waktu itu
berkembang pesat berbagai aliran ilmu kalam, seperti : al Jahmiyah, al
Qadariyah, al Khawarij, al Karamiyah, ar Rafidhah, al Mu`tazilah, al Qaramithah
dan lain sebagainya. Sejak kecil Abul Hasan telah yatim. Kemudian ibunya
menikah dengan seorang tokoh Mu`tazilah bernama Abu `Ali Al Jubba`i. Beliau
(Abul Hasan) seorang yang cerdas, hafal Al Qur`an pada usia belasan tahun dan
banyak pula belajar hadits. Pada akhirnya beliau berjumpa dengan ulama salaf
bernama al Barbahari (wafat 329 H). inilah yang akhirnya merubah jalan hidupnya
sampai beliau wafat pada tahun 324 H atau 939 M dalam usia 64 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Abu al Hasan al Asy`ary dan Mu`tazilah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada mulanya, selama
hampir 40 tahun, beliau menjadi penganut Mu`tazilah yang setia mengikuti
gurunya seorang tokoh Mu`tazilah yang juga ayah tirinya. Namun dengan hidayah
Allah setelah beliau banyak merenungkan ayat-ayat Al-Qur`an dan hadits-hadits
Rasulullah, beliau mulai meragukan terhadap ajaran Mu`tazilah. Apalagi setelah
dialog yang terkenal dengan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang tidak dapat dijawab oleh
Abu `Ali al Jubba`i dan setelah mimpi beliau bertemu dengan Rasulullah, beliau
secara tegas keluar dari Mu`tazilah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inti ajaran faham
Mu`tazilah adalah dasar keyakinan harus bersumber kepada suatu yang qath`i dan
sesuatu yang qath`i harus sesuatu yang masuk akal (rasional). Itulah sebabnya
maka kaum Mu`tazilah menolak ajaran Al-Qur`an apalagi as Sunnah yang tidak
sesuai dengan akal (yang tidak rasional). Sebagaimana penolakan mereka terhadap
mu`jizat para nabi, adanya malaikat, jin dan tidak percaya adanya takdir.
Mereka berpendapat bahwa sunnatullah tidak mungkin dapat berubah, sesuai dengan
firman Allah:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tbody>
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<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.0cm;" valign="top" width="454"><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Å</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">g</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">¨</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Z</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Ý</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">¡</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>«</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">!</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>W</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">x</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">?</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ç</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Ë</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">È</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.5pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Artinya</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.35pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
:</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.35pt;" valign="top" width="368"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">dan
kamu sekali-kali tiada akan mendapati peubahan pada sunnah Allah (Q.S
Al-Ahzab : 62)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;">
<br /></div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.0cm;" valign="top" width="454"><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Å</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">g</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">M</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">¨</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ý</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">¡</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>«</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">!</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>¸</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">x</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">È</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">q</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ø</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ç</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Í</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ì</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">È</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.5pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Artinya</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.35pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
:</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.35pt;" valign="top" width="368"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">dan sekali-kali tidak (pula) akan menemui
penyimpangan bagi sunnah Allah itu. (Q.S. Fathir : 43)</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 62.1pt; width: 454px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.0cm;" valign="top" width="454"><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">¨</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Z</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ß</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>«</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">!</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ó</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">É</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">L</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">©</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>ô</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">%</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>ô</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">M</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">z</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">@</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">%</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Å</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">g</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">¨</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Z</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ý</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">¡</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>«</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">!</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>W</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">x</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">?</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ç</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ë</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ì</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">È</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> <span lang="AR-SA"></span></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.5pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Artinya</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.35pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
:</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.35pt;" valign="top" width="368"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">kamu sekali-kali tiada akan menemukan
peubahan bagi sunnatullah itu. (Q.S. Al-Fath : 23)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Itulah sebabnya mereka
tidak percaya adanya mu`jizat, yang dianggapnya tidak rasional. Menurut mereka
bila benar ada mu`jizat berarti Allah telah melangar sunnah-Nya sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudah barang tentu
pendapat seperti ini bertentangan dengan apa yang dikajinya dari al Qur`an dan
as Sunnah. Bukankah Allah menyatakan bahwa:</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 62.1pt; width: 454px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.0cm;" valign="top" width="454"><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>¨</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">b</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">/</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>×</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">¨</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ù</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">J</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">j</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>ß</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ì</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ç</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ê</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">É</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ð</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">È</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> <span lang="AR-SA"></span></span></b></div>
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Artinya</div>
</td>
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:</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuhanmu Maha Pelaksana terhadap apa
yang dia kehendaki. (Q.S. Huud : 107)</span></div>
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</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk kehidupan manusia
Allah telah memberikan hukum yang dinmakan sunnatullah dan bersifat tetap.
Tetapi bagi Allah berlaku hukum pengecualian, karena sifat-Nya sebagai Pencipta
yang Maha Kuasa. Allah adalah Penguasa mutlak. Hukum yang berlaku bagi manusia
jelas berbeda dengan hukum yang berlaku bagi Allah. Bukankah Allah dalam
mencipta segala sesuatu tidak melalui hukum sunnatullah yang berlaku bagi
kehidupan manusia ? Allah telah menciptakan sesuatu yang tidak ada menjadi ada,
menciptakan dari suatu benda mati menjadi benda hidup. Adakah yang dilakukan
Allah dapat dinilai secara rasional ?</span></div>
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Salah
satu dialog beliau dengan Abu Ali Al Jubba`i yang terkenal adalah mengenai,
apakah perbuatan Allah dapat diketahui hikmahnya atau di ta`lilkan atau tidak.
Faham Mu`tazilah berpendapat bahwa perbuatan Allah dapat dita`lilkan dan
diuraikan hikmahnya. Sedangkan menurut pendapat Ahlus Sunnah tidak. Berikut ini
dialog antara Abu Al Hasan dengan Abu Ali al Jubba`i:</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A :“Bagaimana kedudukan orang mukmin dan
orang kafir menurut tuan?”</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B :“Orang mukmin mendapat tingkat tinggi di
dalam surga karena imannya dan orang kafir masuk ke dalam neraka”.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A :“Bagaimana dengan anak kecil?”</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B :“Anak kecil tidak akan masuk neraka”.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A :“Dapatkah anak kecil mendapatkan tingkat
yang tinggi seperti orang mukmin?”</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B :“Tidak, karena tidak pernah berbuat
baik”.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A :“Kalau demikian anak kecil itu akan
memprotes Allah kenapa ia tidak diberi umur panjang untuk berbuat kebaikan”.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B :“Allah akan menjawab, kalau Aku biarkan
engkau hidup, engkau akan berbuat kejahatan atau kekafiran sehingga engkau
tidak akan selamat<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2251383717746990231#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[i]</span></b></span></span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2251383717746990231#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[ii]</span></b></span></span></a>”.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A :“Kalau demikian, orang kafir pun akan
protes ketika masuk neraka, mengapa Allah tidak mematikannya sewaktu kecil agar
selamat dari neraka”.</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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Abu
Ali Al Jubba`i tidak dapat menjawab lagi, ternyata akal tidak dapat
diandalkan.Abu al Hasan Al Asy`ary dalam meninjau masalah ini selalu berdasar
kepada sunnah Rasulullah. Itulah sebabnya maka madzhab yang dicetuskannya lebih
dikenal dengan Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama`ah.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Abu al Hasan
al Asy`ary Pencetus Faham Asy`ariyah</b></div>
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Namun
karena pengaruh yang cukup dalam dari faham Mu`tazilah, pada mulanya cetusan
pendapat Abu Al-Hasan sedikit banya dipengaruhi oleh Ilmu Kalam. Keadaan
seperti ini sangat dimaklumi karena tantangan yang beliau hadapi adalah
kelompok yang selalu berhujjah kepada rasio, maka usaha beliau untuk koreksi
terhadap Mu`tazilah juga berusaha dengan memberikan jawaban yang rasional.
Setidak-tidaknya beliau berusaha menjelaskan dalil-dalil dari Al Qur`an atau As
Sunnah secara rasional. Hal ini dapat dilihat ketika beliau membahas tentang
sifat Allah dalam beberapa hal beliau masih menta`wilkan sebagiannya. Beliau
menyampaikan pendapatnya tentang adanya sifat Allah yang wajib menurut akal.</div>
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Pada
mulanya manhaj Abul Hasan Al Asy`ary dalam bidang aqidah menurut pengakuan
secara teoritis pertama berdasarkan naqli atau wahyu yang terdiri dari Al
Qur`an dan Al Hadits Al Mutawatir, dan kedua berdasarkan akal. Namun dalam
prakteknya lebih mendahulukan akal daripada naql. Misalnya dalam menetapkan dua
puluh sifat wajib bagi Allah, diawali dengan menetapkan hanya tiga sifat wajib,
kemudian berkembang dalam menyimpulkan menjadi lima sifat, tujuh sifat, dua
belas sifat atau dan akhirnya dua puluh sifat atau yang lebih dikenal dengan
Dua puluh Sifat Allah (7 sifat hakiki, 13 sifat majazi). Penetapan sifat hakiki
dan majazi adalah berdasarkan rasio.</div>
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Penetapan
tujuh sifat hakiki tersebut karena bila Allah tidak memilikinya berarti
meniadakan Allah. Ketujuh sifat hakiki tersebut adalah hayyun bihayatin, alimun
bi ilmin, qadirun bi qudratin, sami`un bi sam`in, basyirun bi basharin,
mutakallimun bi kalamin dan muridun bi iradatin. Sedangkan mengenai tiga belas
sifat majazi bila dikatakan sebagai sifat hakiki berarti tasybih atau
menyamakan Allah dengan makhluk.</div>
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Ketika
ditanyakan: “Bagaimana menetapkan sifat hakiki tersebut, sedangkan sifat itu
secara lafziah sama dengan sifat-sifat yang dimiliki oleh makhluk?” Jawabannya:
“Sifat-sifat tersebut dari segi lafaz sama dengan makhluk, namun bagi Allah SWT
mempunyai arti `maha` sesuai dengan kedudukan Allah yang Maha Kuasa”. Hal
inilah yang menjadi bahan pertentangan dikemudian hari.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Abu Al Hasan
Al Asy`ary kembali ke Salaf</b></div>
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Pada
akhirnya setelah banyak berdialog dengan seorang bernama Al Barbahari (wafat
329 H), Abul Hasan Al Asy`ary menyadari kekeliruannya dalam pemahaman aqidah
terutama dalam menetapkan sifat-sifat Allah dan hal lain tentang ghaibiyat.
Empat tahun sebelum beliau wafat beliau mulai menulis buku Al Ibanah fi Ushul
Al-Diyanah merupakan buku terakhir beliau sebagai pernyataan kembali kepada
faham Islam sesuai dengan tununan salaf. Namun buku ini tidak sempat terbahas
secara luas di kalangan umat Islam yang telah terpengaruh oleh pemikiran beliau
sebelumnya.</div>
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Untuk
mengenal lebih jauh tentang kaidah pemikiran beliau di bidang aqidah sesudah
beliau kembali ke metode pemikiran salaf yang kemudian lebih dikenal dengan
Salafu Ahli As Sunnah wa Al Jama`ah, beliau merumuskannya dalam tiga kaidah
sebagai berikut:</div>
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<br /></div>
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a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Memberikan kebebasan mutlak kepada akal sama sekali tidak dapat
memberikan pembelaan terhadap agama. Mendudukkan akal seperti ini sama saja
dengan merubah aqidah. Bagaimana mungkin aqidah mengenai Allah dapat tegak jika
akal bertentangan dengan wahyu.</div>
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b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Manusia harus beriman bahwa dalam urusan agama ada hukum yang
bersifat taufiqi, artinya akal harus menerima ketentuan wahyu. Tanpa adanya
hukum yang bersifat taufiqi maka tidak ada nilai keimanan.</div>
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c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Jika terjadi pertentangan antara wahyu dan akal maka wahyu wajib
didahulukan dan akal berjalan dibelakang wahyu. Dan sama sekali tidak boleh
mensejajarkan akal dengan wahyu apalagi mendahulukan akal atas wahyu.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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Adapun
manhaj Abul Hasan dalam memahami ayat (tafsir) adalah sebagai berikut:</div>
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a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Menafsirkan ayat dengan ayat.</div>
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b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Menafsirkan ayat dengan hadits</div>
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c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Menafsirkan ayat dengan ijma`.</div>
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d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Menafsirkan ayat dengan makna zahir tanpa menta`wilkan kacuali
ada dalil.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Menjelaskan bahwa Allah menurunkan Al Quran dalam bahasa Arab,
untuk itu dalam memahami Al Quran harus berpegang pada kaidah-kaidah bahasa
Arab.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
f)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Menafsirkan ayat dengan berpedoman kepada asbabun-nuzul dari
ayat tersebut</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
g)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Menjelaskan bahwa isi ayat Al Quran ada yang umum dan ada yang
khusus, kedua-duanya harus ditempatkan pada kedudukannya masing-masing.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Banyak
sekali buku-buku karya Abul Hasan Al Asy`ary. Yang ditulis beliau sebelum tahun
320 (sebelum kembali kepada manhaj salaf) lebih dari 60 buku. Sedangkan yang
ditulis sesudah tahun 320 hampir mencapai 30 buah buku, diantara yang terakhir
ini adalah Al Ibanah fi Ushul Ad Diyanah. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fnu">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="fnu">Tokoh-tokoh Asy’ariyah dan Ajaran-Ajarannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Muhammad Ibn al-Thayyib
Ibn Muhammad Abu Bakr al-Baqillani</span></u></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia adalah tokoh
Asy’ariyah yang mendapat ajaran-ajaran Al-Asy’ari dari dua murid Al-Asy’ari,
yaitu <i>Ibn Mujahid dan Abu Al-Hasan Al-Bahili</i>.. beliau wafat di Bagdad
pada tahun 1013 Masehi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajaran-ajaran yang disampaikannya
tidak selalu selaras dengan ajaran Al-Asy’ari, misalnya bahwa sifat Allah itu
bukan <i>sifat</i> melainkan <i>hal</i>. Selanjutanya ia juga tidak sepaham
dengan Al-Asy’ari mengenai perbuatan manusia. Menurut Al-Asy’ari perbuatan
manusia adalah diciftakan Tuhan seluruhnya, sedangkan menurut Al-Baqillani,
manusia mempunyai sumbangan yang efektif dalam perwujudan perbuatannya. Yang
diwujudkan Tuhan ialah gerak yang terdapat dalam diri manusia, adapun bentuk
atau sifat dari gerak itu dihasilkan oleh manusia itu sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernyataan-pernyataannya
mengarah pada extrim, dalam mengikuti suatu pendapat dan dalam memberikan
dukungan dan pembelaan, sebab premis rasional tidak pernah disebutkan dalam
al-Qur’anmaupun sunnah, ruang geraknya luas dan pintunya terbuka lebar. Metode
yang ditempuhnya juga banyak. Boleh saja seseorang sampai kepada bukti-bukti
dari berbagai penalaran akal dan menghasilkan berbagai konklusi melalui
berbagai eksperimen yang tidaklah buruk selama tidak bertentangan dengan
konklusi yang dicapainya dan pemikiran yang dihasilkannya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Abd al-Malik al-Juwaini </span></u></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beliau lahir di <i>Khurasan</i>
tahun 419 Hijriyah dan wafat pada tahun 478 Hijriyah. Namanya aslinya tidak
begitu dikenal malah ia terkenal dengan nama Iman <i>Al-Haramain</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hampir sama dengan
Al-Baqillani, ajaran-ajaran yang disampaikannya banyak yang bertentangan dengan
ajaran Al-Asy’ari. Misalnya Tangan Tuhan diartikan (<i>ta’wil</i>) kekuasaan
Tuhan, mata Tuhan diartikan penglihatan Tuhan dan wajah Tuhan diartikan Wujud
Tuhan, sedangkan mengenai Tuhan duduk diatas takhta kerajaan diartikan Tuhan
berkuasa dan Maha Tinggi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengenai soal perbuatan
manusia, ia mempunyai pendapat yang lebih jauh dari Al-Baqillani. Daya yang ada
pada manusia itu mempunyai efek, tetapi efeknya serupa dengan efek yang
terdapat antara sebab dan musabab. Wujud perbuatan manusia tergantung pada daya
yang ada pada manusia, wujud daya itu bergantung pada sebab yang lain dan wujud
sebab itu bergantung pula pada sebab yang lain dan demikianlah seterusnya
hingga sampai pada sebab dari segala sebab yaitu Tuhan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Abu Hamid al-Ghazali </span></u></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beliau adalah murid
dari <i>Abd al-Malik al-Juwaini</i> yang lahir pada tahu 1058-1111 Masehi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Paham teologi yang
dianutnya tidak jauh berbeda dengan paham-paham Al-Asy’ari. Dia mengakui bahwa
Tuhan mempunyai sifat-sifat qadim yang tidak identik dengan dzat Tuhan dan
mempunyai wujud diluar dzat. Juga Al-Qur’an bersifat qadim dan tidak
diciptakan. Mengenai perbuatan manusia ia juga berpendapat bahwa Tuhanlah yang
menciptakan daya dan perbuatan. Dan daya untuk berbuat lebih menyerupai
impotensi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya ia
menyatakan bahwa Tuhan dapat dilihat, sebab setiap yang mempunyai wujud dapat
dilihat. Selanjutnya ajaran yang disampaikannya adalah penolakan tentang paham
keadilan yang diajarkan oleh Mu’tazilah. Tuhan tidak berkewajiban menjaga
kemashlahatan (<i>al-salah wa al-ashlah</i>) manusia, tidak wajib memberi upah
atau ganjaran kepada manusia atas perbuatan-perbuatannya, bahkan Tuhan boleh
memberi beban yang tidak mungkin dikerjakan manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Latar belakang Maturidiyah</b></div>
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<span class="fnu">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="fnu">Sejarah
Maturidiyah</span></div>
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Berdirinya
aliran ini kembali kepada Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, dia adalah Muhammad bin
Muhammad bin Mahmud al-Maturidi al-Samarqandi. Maturidi adalah nisbat kepada
Maturid, sebuah tempat di Samarkand, di daerah inilah Abu Mansur lahir, tahun
kelahirannya samar, tidak diketahui dengan pasti. Ahli sejarah yang menyebutkan
biografinya tidak menjelaskan kehidupannya, bagaimana dia tumbuh dan dari siapa
dia belajar, yang diketahui dari guru-gurunya adalah Nashir atau Nushair bin
Yahya al-Balakhi, dari orang ini Abu Mansur belajar fikih madzhab Hanafi dan
ilmu kalam. </div>
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Abu
Mansur memiliki kedudukan tinggi di kalangan para pengikut Maturidiyah sehingga
mereka menjulukinya dengan “Imam al-Huda dan Imam al-Mutakallimin”.</div>
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Abu
Mansur hidup satu masa dengan Abul Hasan al-Asy’ari meskipun tidak ada
keterangan sejarah bahwa keduanya pernah bertemu atau saling membaca buku yang
lain, hanya saja dalam beberapa hasil pemikiran kedua orang ini bertemu, tentu
dengan pemikiran Abu Musa yang lama sebelum dia rujuk kepada pemikiran salaf
shalih.</div>
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Abu
Mansur wafat di Samarkand pada tahun 333 H dan dimakamkan di sana. Dia
meninggalkan beberapa karya tulis diantarnya, <i>Ta’wilat Ahlus Sunnah atau
Ta’wilat al-Qur`an</i>, dalam bukunya ini Abu Mansur mengangkat ayat-ayat
al-Qur`an khususnya ayat-ayat sifat dan mentakwilkannya dengan takwil Jahmiyah.
Di antara bukunya yang lain adalah <i>Kitab Tauhid</i>, kitab ini tentang ilmu
kalam, di dalamnya dia menetapkan pendapat-pendapatnya yang berkaitan dengan
masalah-masalah <i>i’tiqadiyah</i>, dan yang dia maksud dengan tauhid dalam
kitabnya ini adalah tauhid <i>Khaliqiyah dan Rububiyah</i> ditambah dengan
sedikit tauhid <i>Asma’ wa Sifat</i> akan tetapi dengan manhaj Jahmiyah dengan
mengingkari banyak sifat-sifat Allah dengan alasan mensucikan dan meniadakan <i>tasybih</i>
dari Allah, hal ini tidak sejalan dengan manhaj yang shahih yaitu manhaj salaf
shalih.</div>
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<span class="fnu">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="fnu">Tokoh-tokoh Maturidiyah dan Ajaran-Ajarannya.</span></div>
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Setelah
Abu Mansur wafat, pemikiran-pemikirannya diwarisi dan diperjuangkan oleh
murid-muridnya dan orang-orang yang terpengaruh oleh pemikirannya, di tangan
mereka ini Maturidiyah membentuk diri sabagai aliran kalamiyah yang muncul
pertama kali di Samarkand. Murid-murid Abu Mansur mulai menyebarkan
pemikiran-pemikiran syaikh dan imam mereka, mereka menulis buku-buku demi itu,
hasilnya pemikiran-pemikiran Maturidiyah laku di negeri tersebut, hal ini
karena mereka terbantu oleh kesamaan dalam madzhab fikih yaitu madzhab Hanafi.</div>
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Salah
satu murid Abu Mansur adalah Abul Qasim Ishaq bin Muhammad bin Ismail al-Hakim
al-Samarqandi, wafat tahun 342 H, dia dikenal dengan al-Hakim karena hikmahnya
yang banyak dan nasihat-nasihatnya. Ada seorang murid lagi yaitu Abu Muhammad
Abdul Karim bin Musa bin Isa al-Bazdawi, wafat tahun 390 H, selanjutnya orang
ini memiliki seorang cucu yang menjadi salah satu pembawa pemikiran-pemikiran
Maturidiyah, dia adalah Abul Yasar al-Bazdawi Muhammad bin Muhammad bin
al-Husain bin Abdul Karim yang berjuluk al-Qadhi ash-Shadr, Syaikh madzhab
Hanafi di Bazdawah pada masanya. </div>
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Abul
Yasar ini belajar dari bapaknya yang belajar dari kakeknya Abdul Karim salah
seorang murid Abu Mansur, di samping dia membaca kitab-kitab ahli filsafat
seperti al-Kindi dan lainnya, dia juga mempelajari buku-buku Mu’tazilah seperti
al-Jubba’i, an-Nazham dan lain-lain. Dia juga mempelajari buku-buku Abu Musa
al-Asy’ari dan buku-buku Abu Mansur seperti <i>at-Ta’wilat</i> dan <i>at-Tauhid</i>.
Untuk buku yang terakhir ini dia memandang pembahasannya bertele-tele dan
menyulitkan serta penyusunannya yang tidak sistematis oleh karena itu dia
mengulang penyusunan dan pemaparannya agar lebih muda untuk dikaji, hal ini dia
tuangkan dalam bukunya <i>Ushuluddin</i> dengan beberapa penambahan darinya.
Abul Yasar wafat di Bukhara tahun 493 H dengan meninggalkan banyak murid, salah
satunya adalah Najmuddin Umar bin Muhammad an-Nasafi, peletak sebuah buku dalam
akidah yang terkenal dengan <i>al-Aqidah an-Nasafiyah</i>.</div>
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Najmuddin
Umar an-Nasafi, bisa dikatakan, dia adalah pelopor Maturidiyah dalam bidang
karya tulis karena dia banyak menuangkan dasar-dasar akidah Maturidiyah dalam
buku-bukunya yang berjumlah besar, dia adalah Abu Hafsh Najmuddin Umar bin
Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Ismail al-Hanafi an-Nasafi, nisbat kepada Nasaf, sebuah
kota di antara Jaihun dan Samarkand. Najmuddin adalah julukannya. </div>
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Najmuddin
Umar an-Nasafi lahir di Nasaf pada tahun 462 H, dia terkenal dengan
syaikh-syaikhnya yang berjumlah besar mencapai lima ratus orang, di antara
mereka adalah Abul Yasar al-Bazdawi dan Abdullah bin Ali bin Isa an-Nasafi,
sebagaimana dia memiliki murid dalam jumlah besar pula, tidak hanya itu dia juga
memiliki karya tulis juga dalam jumlah besar yang menjadi buku induk dalam
menetapkan pemikiran-pemikiran Maturidiyah. Di antara buku-bukunya adalah <i>Majma’
al-Ulum, at-Taisir fi Tafsir al-Qur`an, an-Najah fi Syarh Kitab Akhbar
ash-Shihah</i>, buku ini adalah syarah dari shahih al-Bukhari, dan sebuah buku
dalam akidah yaitu <i>al-Aqidah an-Nasafiyah</i>, buku ini adalah ringkasan
dari buku <i>at-Tabshirah</i> karya Abu Muin an-Nasafi, buku ini adalah salah
satu buku terpenting dalam akidah Maturidiyah. Najmuddin Umar an-Nasafi wafat
di Samarkand pada malam Kamis, 12 Jumadil Ula 537 H.</div>
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Setelah
masa Najmuddin Umar an-Nasafi, Maturidiyah mengalami kemajuan dan perkembangan
yang berarti, hal ini karena mereka mampu meraih simpati para Sultan Daulah
Utsmaniyah yang berpusat di Turki, dan akhirnya para sultan tersebut menjadi
pendukung Maturidiyah sehingga pengaruh Maturidiyah menyebar ke negeri-negeri
yang dijangkau oleh kekuasaan Daulah Utsmaniyah. Di masa ini muncul al-Kamal
bin al-Hammam penulis <i>al-Muyasarah fi al-Aqa’id al-Munjiyah fi al-Akhirah</i>
yang pada saat ini masih dijadikan sebagai buku wajib di sebagian universitas. </div>
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Di
masa kini pemikiran Maturidiyah banyak dianut di beberapa negeri kaum muslimin
khususnya di Turki, Afghanistan dan sekitarnya, Pakistan dan India. Di dua
negara yang terakhir ini ada beberapa <i>madrasah </i>yang mengusung
pemikiran-pemikiran Maturidiyah, salah satunya adalah <i>madrasah Kautsariyah</i>
yang dinisbatkan kepada syaikh Muhammad Zahid al-Kautsari al-Jarkasi al-Hanafi
al-Maturidi, wafat tahun 1371 H. Madrasah ini berciri khas mencela dan
menyerang para imam Islam, menurut mereka para imam Islam tersebut adalah <i>mujassimah
dan musyabbihah</i> yakni orang-orang yang menjasadkan dan menyerupakan Allah
dengan makhlukNya, hanya karena para imam tersebut menetapkan sifat-sifat Allah
sebagaimana yang ditetapkan oleh al-Qur`an dan sunnah sesuai dengan pamahaman
salaf umat, mereka mengkategorikan buku-buku para imam Islam seperti <i>at-Tauhid,
al-Ibanah, asy-Syariah,as-Sifat, al-Uluw dan buku para imam sunnah lainya
sebagai buku-buku watsaniyah (berhalawiyah). Madarasah ini juga getol berdakwah
kepada bid’ah-bid’ah syirkiyah seperti mengagung-agungkan kubur dan penghuninya
dengan kedok bertawasul. </i><span class="fnu"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teologi
Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teologi Asy’ariyah</span></b></div>
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<span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi
Asy’ariyah</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asy’ariyah adalah
aliran kalam yang dinisbatkan kepada Abu Mansur al-Maturidi yang berpijak
kepada Abu al Hasan yang berdasarkan pengakuan secara teoritis pertama
berdasarkan naqli atau wahyu yang terdiri dari Al Qur`an dan Al Hadits Al
Mutawatir, dan kedua berdasarkan akal.Tujuan dari gerakan Asy’ariyah sama
dengan aliran maturidiyah adalah sebagai reaksi terhadap aliran mu’tazilah yang
dianggap tidak sesuai dengan kaidah yang benar menurut akal dan syara.</span></div>
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<span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Doktrin-Doktrin
Teologi Asy’ariyah</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wujud
dan Sifat Tuhan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Para ulama ilmu Kalam,
baik Asy’ariyah maupun Mu’tazilah, dan para filosof, dalam pembahasan penting
ini menyepakati urgensi akal dalam menetapkan keberadaan Tuhan serta
menumbuhkan keyakinan kepada-Nya. Berbeda dengan ahl al Dzahir, para Mutakalimin
menyerahkan segala kemampuan logika mereka dalam menetapkan kebenaran tuhan
sebagaimana yang diinginkan dzahir teks agama. Dari sini, jelas Nampak adanya
keterlibatan manusia -atau setidaknya aspek kemanusiaan- dalam berbagai kajian
ketuhanan (Teologi).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asy’ariyah, dengan gaya
ortodoksnya, mencoba menempatkan dirinya sebagai penengah (moderasi)diantara
dua aliran; yaitu Salafiyah danMu’tazilah.Namun, kajian teologis Asy’ariyah
–dengandidukung oleh silogisme Aristotelian atau logika formal-deduktif ditambah
dengan mengadopsi secara distorsif teori-teori filsafat natural
(tabhi’at)-malah pada akhirnya tidak menampilkan kajian teologisyang
empiris-metodologis. Bahayanya lagi, argumen-argumen Asy’ariyah dapat saja
mengalami eskalasi sehingga mencapai tingkat ‘ilhad’ (pengingkaran akan wujud
Tuhan) dan tajsim (antropomorfisme). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat kita temukan
dalam alur pemikiran Asy’ariyah<br />
adanya kesan ‘keterpaksaan’ dalam menggunakan teori-teori filsafat alam
(natural philosophy) seperti teori al huduts (kebaharuan alam), al Imkan (probabilitas)
dan Jauhar fard (subtansi tunggal).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori al huduts
menetapkan premis-premis logis bahwa alam itu hadis (baru; tidak qadim) karena
alam itu selalu berubah. Semua yang hadis pasti berasal dari muhdis
(pembaru;pelaku al hudus) dan muhdis tersebut harus qadim, sebab kalau tidak ,
maka akan terjadi daur atau tasalsul (kausalitas tanpa akhir). Sedangdalam
doktrin teologinya, daur dan tasalsul itu mustahil. Selanjutnya, Asy’ariyah
langsung menetapkan bahwa yang qadim itu adalah Tuhan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan teori al
imkan mengatakan, alam itu bersifatmumkin, yaitu mungkin terjadi mungkin tidak.
Segalasesuatu yang mungkin membutuhkan ‘illat murajjih yang menyebabkan adanya
sesuatu itu dan ‘illat tersebut harus berakhir pada zat yang wajib al wujub (wajibada).
Sebab kalau tidak, akan terjadi tasalsul, dan tasalsul itu mustahil. Maka
langsung ditetapkan bahwa wajib al wujub itu adalah Tuhan. Lain lagi dengan
teori Jauhar al fard Asy’ariyah menetapkan bahwa segala sesuatu itu terdiri
dari bagian-bagian atau ajzaa’, dan bagian-bagian ini akan sampai kepada bagian
yang terkecil (substansi akhir)yang tidak dapat terbagi bagi lagi, karena
selanjutnya dinamakan Jauhar al fard (substansi tunggal). Karena semua jauhar
tidak terlepas dari ‘aradl (sifat yanghadits), maka konklusinya semua jauhar
adalah hadits. Anehnya, beranjak dari premis-premis fisikal di atas, Asyariyah
mengadakan lompatan kepada kesimpulan metafisikal. Dalam artian, Asy’ariyah
berusaha menemukan dalil dari hal-hal yang natural untuk membuktikan sesuatu
yang natural. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metodologi ini jelas bertentangan
dengan metodi empirisme ilmiah. Meskipun logika idealektik yang berusaha
dibangun oleh Asy’ariyah masih mengadung nilai- nilai empirik, tapi argumen-argumennya
tetap saja membingungkan. Bagaimana mungkin Asy’ariyah membuktikan bahwa alam
itu hadits, Sementara gerakan dan siklus yang merupakan sifattetap alam telah
berlangsung tanpa permulaan. Pada hakikatnya alam adalah qadim, dalam
pengertian bahwa Tuhan menciptakan alam tanpa permulaan dan tanpa bahan dasar,
dan jarak antara keberadaan Tuhan dan keberadaan alam tidak mungkin diukur
dengan waktu. Dengan kata lain, tidak ada rentang waktu antara Tuhan dengan
alam walau sedetik pun. Dan posisi Tuhan tidak lain adalah ‘illat atau sebab
keberadaan alam. TanpaTuhan alam tidak akan pernah ada.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asy’ariyah dalam
logikanya mengambil kaidah “kunci” yaitu kemustahilan daur dan tasalsul. Apa
alasan Asy’ariyah menetapkan kaidah seperti itu? Pada hakikatnya, daur dan
tasalsul itu hal yang wajar dan merupakan tabiat alam. Tuhan telah menciptakan
siklus dan hubungan kausalitas (sebab akibat) sehingga manusia sanggup mengolah
dan memproses daur ulang alamini dengan ilmu pengetahuannya. Teori kemustahilan
ini hanya berakibat terhambatnya ilmu pengetahuan dan menjadikan manusia pasif
dalam hidupnya. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan hadits-muhdits
oleh Asy’ariyah di identikan dengan hubungan mashnu’ dan shani’nya (pembuat dan
yang dibuat). Katanya alam ini adalah buatan Tuhan,sebagaimana kursi adalah
buatan tukang. Konsekuensi dari keyakinan tersebut membawa akalmanusia sehingga
mengibaratkan Tuhan sebagai person (al Syakhsy) dan pada gilirannya menimbulkan
penafsiran materil terhadap hal-hal ghaib. Seiring dengan itu pula, penafsiran
fenomena alam dengan kaidah hadits-muhdits sama halnya merampas esensi alam tersendiri.
Dengan memahami hadits sebagai “sesuatu yang pada awalnya tidak ada kemudian
diadakan”menjadikan ketidak adaan sebagai standar keberadaan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ini menyebabkan alam
kehilangan esensinya dan memaksakan ketergantungannya kepada “sesuatu yang lain”
di luar dirinya. Akhirnya, realita dan subtansi alam ini akan hilang dan yang
tinggal bertahan dalam wujud nyata adalah alam metafisik yang pada hakikatnya tidak
nyata. Secara sosio-psikologis, pengaruhnya pun berlanjut pada manusia, dimana
menusia adalah unsur dan bagian utama di alam ini. Dengan hilangnya esensi alam,
maka manusia pun kehilangan esensinya dan manjadi wujud hampa tanpa arti. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara psikologis,
argumen tentang hudits-nya alam cukup membahayakan esistensi manusia tatkala
kita menerima hipotesa imajinatif tersebut, yaitu bahwa alam itu diadakan dari
tidak ada oleh sang muhdits, hal itu mengisyaratkan bahwa manusia pada dasarnya
lemah dan tidak mampu melakukan perubahan dan pembaruan dalam kehidupannya di
alam ini. Sebab secara logis, segala bentuk perubahan, besar maupun kecil, semuanya
disandarkan pada kekuatan dan kemampuan sang muhdits, yaitu zat selain manusia.
Memang betul, manusia tidak menciptakan dirinya juga tidak mampu menciptakan
alam walau seekor nyamuk pun. Tapi, apakahitu dimaksudkan agar manusia
melemahkan dirinya dan menggantungkan dirinya pada sesuatu kakuatan lain diluar
dirinya dan di luar alam ini. Sebenarnya, argument-argumen distorsif tersebut
berangkat dari landasan keimanan subyektif semata tidak dari tinjauan obyektif ilmiah.
. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuatu argumen lagi
yang tidak kalah membingungkan, yaitu deskripsi Asy’ariyah tentang pembagian
sesuatu pada bagian-bagian tertentu dan berakhir pada jauhar fard. Perlu
dipertanyakan “bagaimana Asy’ariyah menetapkan dan membuktikan adanya sesuatu
yang disebutnya jauhar fard? Apakah jauhar fard tersebut pada kenyataannya
memang ada, atau hanya hipotesa imajinatif (al-wahm) semata yang ditujukan
untuk mengunggulkan eksistensi sang muhdits? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada hakikatnya ilmu
pengetahuan membuktikan bahwa alam itu tidak dapat dibagi-bagi kepada jauhar sebagaimana
anggapan Asy’ariyah. Alam itu tidak dapat dibagi dan diurai dalam bentuk
unsur-unsur dan penguraian ini dapat berlangsung terus menerus tanpa berhenti.
Kondisi ini sangat mendukung perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan
penemuan-penemuan ilmiah. Jelasnya argumen Asy’ariyah tentang adanya jauhar
fard tidak lebih dari hipotesa imajinatif akal yang tidak faktual. Perlu
diketahui, bahwa makna wujud itu sendiri ada tiga; pertama, wujud sesuatu itu dapat
dipahamibila sesuatu itu dapat diketahui. Jadi, standar wujud sesuatu adalah
adanya kemungkian pengetahuan terhadapnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teologi yang dipelopori
oleh asy’ari dan di kembangkan oleh al-Ghazali itu telah mempengaruhi banyak
agama didunia, khususnya yang bersentuhan langsung dengan Islam,yaitu yahudi
dan Kresten, sebegitu rupa. Sehingga banyak agama Yahudi seperti yang ada pada sekarang
ini adalah adalah bahwa agama yahudi yang dalam bidang teologi telah mengalami
“pengislaman”,.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di zaman Modern yang
pengetahuan semakin melimpah ruahini, ternyata teologi Asy’ari masih relefan
dalam bukuNur Khalis Madjid, Willian Craig, seorang tokoh ahli Filsafat Modern
dari Berkeley, California, Ilmu pengetahuan mutahir, khususnya teori-teori
tentang asal kejadian alam raya seperti teori ledakan besar dalam Astronomi
Modern sangat menujang argumen-argumen Ilmu kalam yang di kembangkan oleh
asy’ariyah.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadilan
Manusia dan Perilaku Manusia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara tema-tema
sentral teologi Asy’ariyah, topik keadilan Tuhan (al ‘Adl)- dalam hal ini
adalah standar nilai kebaikan dan keburukan-menempati deretan yang paling
penting. Topik ini, disamping merupakan pembahasan yang cukup luas dan sangat
berkaitan dengan segi-segi fundamental dalam bangunan ideologi Islam,juga
sangat mempengaruhi corak perilaku umat penganutnya. Pada awal kemunculannya,
konsep ini hanya merupakan respons terhadap teologi Mu’tazilah yang ekstrem-rasionalistik.
Dan pada perkembangan selanjutnya, konsep keadilan Asy’ariyah ini tidak dapat
terhindar dari pengaruh-pengaruh Jabariyah (Fatalisme). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asy’ariyah mencoba
menampilkan pemikirannya tentangkeadilan dengan beranjak dari konsep kemutlakan
iradah (keinginan) Tuhan. Mereka beranggapan bahwa Tuhan telah menciptakan
kebaikan (al khair) dan keburukan (al syarr) serta sekaligus ‘menghendaki’
keberadaan keduanya sebagai dualisme nilai yang dianut manusia. Kemudian, dari
sisi lain mereka menegaskan bahwa kebaikan dan keburukan itu merupakan sesuatu yang
relatif- dalam artian, tidak ada sesuatu yang pada hakikatnya baik dan buruk-
dan selanjutnya mengembalikan kedua nilai tersebut kepada kemutlakan syara’
sebagai standar utama. Segala yang diakui dan dilegitimasi oleh syara’ sebagai
kebaikan, maka halitu pastilah baik. Dan demikian pula sebaliknya, bahwa keburukan
hanyalah yang diakui oleh syara’ sebagai keburukan. Namun kalau demikian
halnya, bagaimana mungkin Asy’ariyah mengakui adanya nilai baik dan buruk dari
satu sisi dan mengingkari keberadaannya dari sisi lain? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesungguhnya,
argumentasi Asy’ariyah yang demikian ituhanya ditujukan untuk menolak pendapat
Mu’tazilah (ahlal ‘adl) yang menempatkan akal sebagai satu-satunya standar
nilai baik dan buruk. Dengan sangat responsif,mereka menegaskan bahwa syara lah
satu-satunya sumber nilai yang berwenang menentukan segalanya, dan dengan sendirinya
menafikan fungsi akal dalam menilai suatu perbuatan. Dengan kata lain, sebelum
syara’diturunkan, akal manusia tidak mampu mengetahui bahwa kejujuran adalah
baik dan bohong itu adalah buruk. Bahwa seandainya Tuhan memerintahkan manusia
untuk berbohong atau setidaknya melegitimasi kebohongan tersebut, maka tentunya
hukum pun akan berubah, sesuatu yang awalnya buruk berubah nilai menjadi baik.
atau seandainya Tuhan melarang manusia untuk berlakujujur maka kejujuran akan
berubah menjadi perbuatantercela.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk membuktian
kebenaran pendapatnya, Asy’ariyah beralasan bahwa akal manusia sangat relatif
dalam menilai sesuatu dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh unsur subyektivitas serta
kepentingan pribadi. Maka tanpa keterlibatan otoritas syara’, nilai kebaikan
dan keburukan akan sangat relatif. Secara global Asy’ariyah mengakui
relativitas akal manusia pada perbedaan- perbedaan yang ada dalam berbagai adat
dan aturan konvensional antar komunitas tertentu. Disamping itu, kenisbian
nilai moral merupakan dasar utama adanya perbedaan yang menyolok dalam berbagai
ajaran agama. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekilas nampak
kebenaran argumentasi diatas. Tapi sebaliknya argumen tersebut cukup keliru,
sebab pendapat yang mengatakan tentang kenisbian nilai moral tidak mutlak
benar. Para ahli telah mengakui adanya prinsip-prinsip moral dasar yang
selamanya sejalan dengan ketetapan-ketetapan syariat dan hukum konvensional.
Prinsip-prinsip dasar ini tidak mengalami perubahan sepanjang kehidupan
manusia. Dan manusia hanya berbeda dan berselisih sekitar hal-hal yang parsial
dan tidak prinsipil. Nilai dasar akan berubah jika dipengaruhi atau dituntut
oleh kondisi tertentu, yang pada hakikatnya bersifat temporal. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kewenangan syara’ dan
pengosongan nilai yang dilakukan Asy’ariyah pada setiap perbuatan manusia dapat
menyebabkan kekacauan dan pertikaian antar individu yang memperjuangkan
kepentingan tertentu. Pihak-pihak penguasa tentu saja dapat mempolitisir dan melegitimasi
ketetapan syara’ untuk kepentingan-kepentingan pribadinya atau kepentingan golongan
tertentu. Dan di sisi lain, pihak yang lebih lemah terpaksa harus mengakui
‘kebenaran’ yang diperbuat oleh pihak penguasa. Sebagaimana yang telah
disebutkan diatas, teologi Asy;ariyah adalah teologi moderasi atau penengah
antar dua ekstermitas. Dalam konteks ini, Asy’ariyah menampilkan teori Kasb
sebagai ‘pelarian’ dari kekuatiran mereka dari otoritas akal manusia dari
satusisi dan sifat fatalisme dari sisi lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fnu"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="fnu"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teologi Maturidiyah</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi
Maturidiyah</span></span><span class="fnu"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maturidiyah adalah
aliran kalam yang dinisbatkan kepada Abu Mansur al-Maturidi yang berpijak
kepada penggunaan argumentasi dan dalil <i>aqli kalami</i> dalam membantah
penyelisihnya seperti Mu’tazilah, Jahmiyah dan lain-lain untuk menetapkan
hakikat agama dan akidah Islamiyyah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Doktrin-Doktrin
Teologi Maturidiyah</span></span><span class="fnu"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akal dan Wahyu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Maturidi dalam
pemikiran teologinya berdasarkan pada Al-Qur’an dan akal, akal banyak digunakan
diantaranya karena dipengaruhi oleh Mazhab Imam Abu Hanifah. Menurut
Al-Maturidi, mengetahui Tuhan dan kewajiban mengetahui Tuhan dapat diketahui
dengan akal. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an yang memerintahkan
agar manusia menggunakan akalnya untuk memperoleh pengetahuan dan keimanannya
terhadapAllah melalui pengamatan dan pemikiran yang mendalam tentang makhluk
ciptaan-Nya. Jika akal tidak memiliki kemampuan tersebut, maka tentunya Allah
tidak akan memerintahkan manusia untuk melakukannya. Dan orang yang tidak mau
menggunakan akal untuk memperoleh iman dan pengetahuan mengenai Allah berarti
ia telah meninggalkan kewajiban yang diperintahkan oleh ayat-ayat tersebut
Namun akal, menurut Al-Maturidi tidak mampu mengetahui kewajiban-kewajiban yang
lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam masalah amalan
baik dan buruk, beliau berpendapat bahwa penentu baik dan buruknya sesuatu itu
terletak pada sesuatu itu sendiri, sedangkan perintah atau larangan syari’ah
hanyalah mengikuti kemampuan akal mengenai baik dan buruknya sesuatu, walau ia
mengakui bahwa akal terkadang tidak mampu melakukannya. Dalam kondisi ini,
wahyu dijadikan sebagai pembimbing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Maturidi membagi kaitan
sesuatu dengan akal pada tiga macam, yaitu Akal dengan sendirinya hanya
mengetahui kebaikan sesuatu itu,Akal dengan sendirinya hanya mengetahui
keburukan sesuatu itu,Akal tidak mengetahui kebaikan dan keburukan sesuatu,
kecuali dengan petunjuk wahyu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentang mengetahui
kebaikan dan keburukan Maturidiyah memiliki kesamaan dengan Mu’tazilah, namun
tentang kewajiban melakukan kebaikan dan meninggalkan keburukan Maturidiyah
berpendapat bahwa ketentuan itu harus didasarkan pada wahyu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbuatan
Manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbuatan manusia
adalah ciptaan Allah, karena segala sesuatu dalam wujud ini adalah ciptaan-Nya.
Mengenai perbuatan manusia, kebijaksanaan dan keadilan kehendak Allah
mengharuskan manusia untuk memiliki kemampuan untuk berbuat (ikhtiar) agar
kewajiban yang dibebankan kepadanya dapat dilaksanakan. Dalam hal ini
Al-Maturidi mempertemukan antara ikhtiar manusia dengan qudrat Allah sebagai
pencipta perbuatan manusia. Allah mencipta daya (kasb) dalam setiap diri
manusia dan manusia bebas memakainya, dengan demikian tidak ada pertentangan
sama sekali antara qudrat Allah dan ikhtiar manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam masalah pemakaian
daya ini Al-Maturidi memakai faham Imam Abu Hanifah, yaitu adanya Masyiah
(kehendak) dan ridha (kerelaan). Kebebasan manusia dalam melakukan perbuatan
baik atau buruk tetap berada dalam kehendak Allah, tetapi ia dapat memilih yang
diridhai-Nya atau yang tidak diridhai-Nya. Manusia berbuat baik atas kehendak
dan kerelaan Allah, dan Manusia berbuat baik atas kehendak dan kerelaan Allah,
dan berbuat buruk pun dengan kehendak Allah, tetapi tidak dengan kerelaan-Nya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekuasaan dan Kehendak
Mutlak Tuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan di atas
menerangkan bahwa Allah memiliki kehendak dalam sesuatu yang baik atau buruk.
Tetapi, pernyataan ini tidak berarti bahwa Allah Allah berbuat sekehendak dan
sewenang-wenang. Hal ini karena qudrat tidak sewenag-wenang (absolute), tetapi
perbuatan dan kehendak-Nya itu berlangsung sesuai dengan hikmah dan keadilan
yang sudah ditetapkan-Nya sendiri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Tuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuhan mempunyai
sifat-sifat, seperti sama, bashar, kalam, dan sebagainya. Al-Maturidi
berpendapat bahwa sifat itu tidak dikatakan sebagai esensi-Nya dan bukan pula
lain dari esensi-Nya. Sifat-sifat Tuhan itu mulzamah (ada bersama/inheren) dzat
tanpa terpisah (innaha lam takun ain adz-dzat wa la hiya ghairuhu). Sifat tidak
berwujud tersendiri dari dzat, sehingga berbilangnya sifat tidak akan membawa
kepada bilangannya yang qadim (taadud al-qadama).<br />
Tampaknya faham tentang makna sifat Tuhan ini cenderung mendekati faham
Mu’tazilah, perbedaannya terletak pada pengakuan terhadap adanya sifat Tuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat Tuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Maturidi mengatakan
bahwa manusia dapat melihat Tuhan, hal ini diberitakan dalam Al-Qur’an:</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 104.65pt; width: 397px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 297.65pt;" valign="top" width="397"><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">×</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">q</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">_</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>7</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Í</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">´</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">q</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">o</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Å</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ñ</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">¯</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">R</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ç</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ËË</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">È</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>4</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Í</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">h</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>×</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">o</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ß</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">R</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ç</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ë</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ì</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">È</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.5pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Artinya</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.35pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
:</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.8pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Wajah-wajah (orang-orang mukmin) pada
hari itu berseri-seri. Kepada Tuhannyalah mereka Melihat.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Q.S Al-Qiyamah : 22-23)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lebih lanjut beliau
mengatakan bahwa Tuhan kelak di akhirat dapat dilihat dengan mata, karena Tuhan
mempunyai wujud walaupun ia immaterial. Namun melihat Tuhan, kelak di akhirat
tidak dalam bentuknya, karena keadaan di sana beda dengan dunia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalam Tuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Maturidi membedakan
antara kalam (baca:sabda) yang tersusun dengan huruf dan bersuara denagn kalam
nafsi (sabda yang sebenarnya atau makna abstrak). Kalam nafsi adalah sifat
qadim bagi Allah, sedangkan kalam yang tersusun dari huruf dan suara adalah
baharu (hadits). Kalam nafsi tidak dapat kita ketahui hakikatnya dari bagaimana
Allah bersifat dengannya, kecuali dengan suatu perantara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maturidiyah menerima
pendapat Mu’tazilah mengenai Al-qur’an sebagai makhluk Allah, tapi Al-Maturidi
lebih suka menyebutnya hadits sebagai pengganti makhluk untuk sebutan
Al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(f)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbuatan Tuhan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua yang terjadi atas
kehendak-Nya, dan tidak ada yang memaksa atau membatasi kehendak Tuhan, kecuali
karena da hikmah dan keadilan yang ditentukan oleh kehendak-Nya sendiri. Setiap
perbuatan-Nya yang bersifat mencipta atau kewajiban-kewajiban yang dibebankan
kepada manusia tidak lepas dari hikmah dan keadilan yang dikehendaki-Nya.
Kewajiban-kewajiban tersebut antara lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuhan tidak akan
membebankan kewajiban di luar kemampuan manusia, karena hal tersebut tidak
sesuai dengan keadilan, dan manusia diberikan kebebasan oleh Allah dalam
kemampuan dan perbuatannya, Hukuman atau ancaman dan janji terjadi karena
merupakan tuntutan keadilan yang sudah ditetapkan-Nya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(g)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengutusan Rasul</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengutusan Rasul
berfungsi sebagai sumber informasi, tanpa mengikuti ajaran wahyu yang
disampaikan oleh rasul berarti manusia telah membebankan sesuatu yang berada di
luar kemampuan akalnya. Pandangan ini tidak jauh dengan pandangan Mu’tazilah,
yaitu bahwa pengutusan rasul kepada umat adalah kewajiban Tuhan agar manusia
dapat berbuat baik bahkan terbaik dalam hidupnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(h)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelaku Dosa
Besar (Murtakib Al-Kabir)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Maturidi berpendapat
bahwa pelaku dosa besar tidak kafir dan tidak kekal di dalam neraka walaupun ia
mati sebelum bertobat. Hal ini karena Tuhan telah menjanjikan akan memberikan
balasan kepada manusia sesuai dengan perbuatannya. Kekal di dalam neraka adalah
balasan untuk orang musyrik. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Al-Maturidi,
iman itu cukup dengan tashdiq dan iqrar, sedangkan amal adalah penyempurnaan
iman. Oleh karena itu amal tidak menambah atau mengurangi esensi iman, hanya
menambah atau mengurangi sifatnya. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(i)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Iman</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam masalah iman,
aliran Maturidiyah Samarkand berpendapat bahwa iman adalah tashdiq bi al-qalb,
bukan semata iqrar bi al-lisan. Al-Qur’an:</span></div>
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<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 297.65pt;" valign="top" width="397"><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">*</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">M</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">%</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ü</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">#</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">{</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ô</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">F</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">{</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">¨</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">Y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">B</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">#</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">ä</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>@</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">%</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">N</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">©</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">9</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">#</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">q</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">Z</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">B</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">÷</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">?</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">Å</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">3</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">»</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">r</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">#</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">þ</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">q</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ä</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">q</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">%</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">o</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">Y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ô</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">J</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">n</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">=</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ó</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">r</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">&</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">£</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">J</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">r</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>È</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">@</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ä</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">z</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ô</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;"></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>ß</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">»</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">J</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">M</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">}</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">Î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">û</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">N</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ä</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">3</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">Î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">/</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">q</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">=</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">%</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>b</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">Î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">)</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">r</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">#</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">q</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">Ü</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">?</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>©</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">!</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>¼</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 15pt;">&</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 15pt;">!</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">q</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ß</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">r</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">w</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>N</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ä</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">3</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">÷</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">G</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">Î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">=</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;"></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>ô</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">i</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">B</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">N</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ä</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">3</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">Î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">=</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">»</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">J</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ô</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">r</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">&</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">º</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">«</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">ø</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">x</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">©</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>4</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>¨</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">b</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">Î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">)</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>©</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">!</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">q</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">à</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">ÿ</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 15pt;">x</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">î</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">L</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">ì</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;">m</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 15pt;">§</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 15pt;"></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ç</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">Ê</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">Í</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 15pt;">È</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 10pt;"></span></b></div>
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Artinya</div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.35pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
:</div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.8pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang-orang Arab Badui itu berkata:
"Kami Telah beriman". Katakanlah: "Kamu belum beriman, tapi
Katakanlah 'kami Telah tunduk', Karena iman itu belum masuk ke dalam hatimu;
dan jika kamu taat kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya, dia tidak akan mengurangi
sedikitpun pahala amalanmu; Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha
Penyayang." </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">(Q.S Al-Hujurat : 14)</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat tersebut difahami
sebagai penegasan bahwa iman tidak hanya iqrar bi al-lisan, tanpa diimani oleh
qalbu. Lebih lanjut Al-Maturidi mendasarkan pendapatnya pada surat Al-Baqarah
ayat 260 :</span></div>
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<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 297.65pt;" valign="top" width="397"><div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ø</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">r</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">A</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">%</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Þ</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">O</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">¿</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">d</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">º</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">/</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>É</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">b</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">R</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Í</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">r</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">&</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">#</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ø</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">2</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ç</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ó</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">?</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>4</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">A</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">q</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">J</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ø</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">A</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">%</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">N</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">r</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">r</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">&</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">B</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">÷</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">?</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">A</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">%</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>4</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">n</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">?</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">/</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Å</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">3</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">»</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">r</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>£</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Í</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">³</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">J</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ô</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">Ü</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">j</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">9</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ó</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">É</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"><</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ù</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">=</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">%</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">A</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">%</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>õ</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">ù</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Z</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">p</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">/</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">r</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">&</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>z</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">i</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">B</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">©</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">Ü</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>£</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">d</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">÷</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Ý</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">Ç</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">ù</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">7</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ø</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">s</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>¢</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">O</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">O</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">@</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ô</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">_</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>4</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">n</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">?</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">ã</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>È</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">e</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">@</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ä</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">.</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>9</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">@</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">6</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">_</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>£</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">å</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">k</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">÷</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">]</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">i</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">B</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>#</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">[</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">ä</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">÷</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">_</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>¢</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">O</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">O</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>£</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">`</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ß</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">g</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">ã</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">÷</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">7</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">o</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">Y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">?</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">ù</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">'</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">\</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">÷</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">è</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>4</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>ö</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">N</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">n</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">=</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">÷</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">æ</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">#</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">u</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">r</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>¨</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">b</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">r</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">&</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>©</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">!</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">$</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">#</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>î</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Í</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">t</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">ã</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>×</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">L</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">ì</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt;">Å</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">3</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt;">y</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt;">m</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>Ç</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">Ë</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">Ï</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">É</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt;">È</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: 17pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></b></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.5pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Artinya</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.35pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
:</div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.8pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan (Ingatlah) ketika Ibrahim berkata:
"Ya Tuhanku, perlihatkanlah kepadaku bagaimana Engkau menghidupkan
orang-orang mati." Allah berfirman: "Belum yakinkah kamu ?"
Ibrahim menjawab: "Aku Telah meyakinkannya, akan tetapi agar hatiku
tetap mantap (dengan imanku) Allah berfirman: "(Kalau demikian) ambillah
empat ekor burung, lalu cincanglah[165] semuanya olehmu. (Allah berfirman):
"Lalu letakkan diatas tiap-tiap satu bukit satu bagian dari
bagian-bagian itu, Kemudian panggillah mereka, niscaya mereka datang kepadamu
dengan segera." dan Ketahuilah bahwa Allah Maha Perkasa lagi Maha
Bijaksana.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">(Q.S
Al-Baqarah : 260)</span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam ayat tersebut,
bukan berarti bahwa Nabi Ibrahim belum beriman, tetapi beliau menginginkan agar
keimanannya menjadi keimanan ma’rifah. Ma’rifah didapat melalui penalaran akal.
Adapun pengertian iman menurut golongan Bukhara, adalah tashdiq bi al-qalb dan
iqrar bi al-lisan, yaitu meyakini dan membenarkan dalam hati tentang keesaan
Allah dan rasul-rasul yang diutus-Nya dengan membawa risalah serta mengakui
segala pokok ajaran islam secara verbal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Golongan-Golongan
Teologi Maturidiyah</span></span><span class="fnu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Golongan
Samarkand</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang menjadi golongan
ini adalah pengikut-pengikut Al-Maturidi sendiri. Golongan ini cenderung ke
arah faham Asy’ariyah, sebagaimana pendapatnya tentang sifat-sifat Tuhan. Dalam
hal perbuatan manusia, maturidi sependapat dengan Mu’tazilah, bahwa manusialah
yang sebenarnya mewujudkan perbuatannya. Al-Maturidi berpendapat bahwa Tuhan
memiliki kewajiban-kewajiban tertentu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Golongan Bukhara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Golongan ini dipimpin
oleh Abu Al-Yusr Muhammad Al-Bazdawi. Dia merupakan pengikut Maturidi yang
penting dan penerus yang baik dalam pemikirannya. Nenek Al-Bazdawi menjadi
salah satu murid Maturidi. Jadi yang dimaksud dengan golongan Bukhara adalah
pengikut-pengikut Al-Bazdawi dalam aliran Al-Maturidiyah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun sebagai
pengikut aliran Al-Maturidiyah, AL-Bazdawi selalu sefaham dengan Maturidi.
Ajaran teologinya banyak dianut oleh umat islam yang bermazhab Hanafi. Dan
hingga saat ini pemikiran-pemikiran Al-Maturidiyah masih hidup dan berkembang
di kalangan umat islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan
dan Perbedaan antara Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l25 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan
Mengenai Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memang
dalam realitanya adala perbedaan antara pemikiran Al- Asy Arie dengan Al
Maturidy akan tetapi perbedaan itu sangat sedikit sekali, bahkan dapat
dikatakan bahwa antara Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah nyaris meiliki kesamaan kalau
tidak bisa di sebut sama. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahkan
Muhammad Abduh mengatakan bahwa perbedaan antara Al Maturidiyah dan Al
Asyariyah tidak lebih dari sepuluh permasalahan dan perbedaan di dalamnya pun
hanyalah perbedaan kata-kata<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2251383717746990231#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[iii]</span></span></span></a>.
Akan tetapi ketika kita mengkaji lebih dalam aliran Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah
maka perbedaan-berdeakan tersebut semakin terlihat wujudnya. Tak dapat
dipungkiri bahwa keduanya berupaya menentukan akidah berdasarkan ayat-ayat
tuhan yang terangkum dalam al- Qur’an secara rasional dan logis. Keduanya
memberikan porsi besar pada akal dalam menginterpretasikan al- Qur’an
dibandingkan yang lainnya. Menurut Al-Asyariyah untuk mengetahui Allah wajib
dengan syar’i sedangkan Maturidiyah sependapat dengan Abu Hanifah bahwa akal berperan
penting dalam konteks tersebut. Hal itu merupakan salah satu contoh perbedaan
keduanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l25 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan
dan Persamaan antara Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua
aliran ini lahir akibat reaksi terhadap paham aliran Mu’tazilah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengenai
sifat-sifat Tuhan, kedua aliran ini menyatakan bahwa Tuhan mempunyai
sifat-sifat dan Tuhan mengetahui bukan dengan dzat-Nya tetapi mengetahui dengan
pengetahuan-Nya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keduanya
menentang ajaran Mu’tazilah mengenai <i>al-Salah wal Aslah </i>dan
beranggapan bahwa al-Qur’an adalah kalam Tuhan yang tidak diciptakan, tetapi
bersifat <i>qadim</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Asy’ari
dan Al-Maturidi juga berkeyakinan bahwa manusia dapat melihat Allah pada hari
kiamat dengan petunjuk Tuhan dan hanya Allah pula yang tahu bagaimana keadaan
sifat dan wujud-Nya. Hal ini mengingat nash al-Qur’an: <i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Wajah-wajah orang mukmin pada hari kiamat akan berseri-seri. Kepada
Tuhannya mereka melihat.”</b></i><i><span style="font-style: normal;">(Al-Qiyamah: 23)</span></i><i><b><span style="font-style: normal;"></span></b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan
dari kedua aliran ini adalah karena keduanya sering menggunakan istilah ahlu
sunnah wal jama’ah. Dan dikalangan mereka kebanyakan mengatakan bahwa madzhab
salaf ahlu sunnah wal jama’ah adalah apa yang dikatakan oleh Al-Asy’ari an
Al-Maturidi. Sebagian dari mereka mengatakan bahwa ahlu sunnah wal jama’ah
adalah Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah dan salaf. Az-Zubaidi mengatakan : “Jika
dikatakan ahlu sunnah, maka yang dimaksud dengan mereka itu adalah Asy’ariyah
dan Maturidiyah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis Ar-Raudhatul Bahiyyah mengatakan
: “Ketahuilah bahwa pokok semua aqaid ahlu sunnah wal jama’ah atas dasar ucapan
dua kutub, yakni Al-Asy’ari dan Al-Maturidi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan</span></i><i><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentang
perbuatan manusia. Al-Asy’ari menganut paham Jabariyah sedangkan Al-Maturidi
menganut paham Qadariyah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentang
fungsi akal. Akal bagi aliran Asy’ariyah tidak mampu untuk mengetahui
kewajiban-kewajiban manusia sedangkan menurut pendapat Maturidiyah akal dapat
mengetahui kewajiban-kewajiban manusia untuk berterima kasih kepada Tuhan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentang
Janji dan ancaman Tuhan. Al-Asy’ari berkeyakinan bahwa Allah bisa saja menyiksa
orang yang taat, memberi pahala kepada orang yang durhaka, sedangkan
Al-Maturidi beranggapan lain, bahwa orang yang taat akan mendapatkan pahala
sedangkan orang yang durhaka akan mendapat siksa, karena Allah tidak akan salah
karena Ia Maha Bijaksana dan Maha Mengetahui.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level4 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ternyata teologi
Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah belum manpu menawarkan ideologi alternatif dalam
upaya mengubah umat dan menggerakkan roda peradaban Islam ke ambang kecerahan,
sehingga mapu mensejajarkan dirinya dengan perdapan-peradaban yang lebih maju.
Walau tidak biasa dipungkiri bahwa kedua teologi ini telah ikut menghiasi
perjalanan umat Islam menuju sebuah peradaban yang baru tapi pertentangan
antara kedua teologi ini dengan teologi-teologi lainnya malahan menambah
kebingungan dalam masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level4 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kritik
dan Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah perubahan-perubahan positif dan
fundamental akan terjadi dan langsung sebagaimana mestinya sementara kita masih
“mengkulturkan” antara kedua teologi ini sebagai satu-satunya teologi yang
paling absah? Bagaimana mungkin mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi
modern di saat kita menyakini tidak adanya korelasi yang jelas antara teori dan
metode penerapan ilmu itu sendiri? Kita sering beranggapan bahwa bagaimana
usaha manusia dalam berfikir dan menganalisa fenomena-fenomena alam, manusia
harus mananti dan menunggu “ilmu” yang datang dari “sumber lain”, berupa Ilham,
wangsit dan sebagainya, Sangat tidak logis bila kita membatasi kapabilitas akan
manusia dan meletakkanya di bawah kekuasaan naql (teks-teks suci) dalam konteks
masyarakat yang masih mengalami krisi inteltual dan rasionalitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada intinya kita harus semakin kritis terhadap berbagai teologi dan
ijtihad yang diwariskan para pemikir Islam. Supaya kelak akan muncul suatu
peradaban dimana Islamlah yang bertindak sebagai pemimpinnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sulaeman, M.Ag. 2010. <i>Filsafat
Islam.</i> Kuningan : Mayasih Press</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahmad, Muhammad. 1998<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.Tauhid Ilmu Kalam.</i> Bandung: Pustaka
Setia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asy-Syahratnasy. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al- Milal wa An-Nihal</i>. Beirut: Darul
Fikr.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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Khilâf Al Lafdziyu</div>
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</div>yulianihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05665580843037726326noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2251383717746990231.post-67697521470531186612012-06-14T01:52:00.001-07:002012-06-14T01:52:40.419-07:00PROPOSAL PENELITIAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROPOSAL
PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JUDUL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBELAJARAN
MENULIS NARASI SUGESTI PENDEKATAN GOLONGAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING
(CTL) PADA SISWA KELAS X DI SMA NEGERI CIBINGBIN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BIDANG ILMU</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kependidikan
dan Kebahasaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LATARBELAKANG MASALAH</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
berhubungan dengan orang lain, seorang manusia menggunakan bahasa sebagai alat
komunikasi. Kita dapat melihat karakter seseorang dari bahasa yang
digunakannya. Kita dapat menggunakan bahasa untuk mengungkapkan pikiran,
menuangkan ide, gagasan dan perasaan. Selain dalam bentuk lisan, kita dapat
menggunakan pikiran, dan gagasan dalam bentuk tulisan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterampilan
berbahasa Indonesia yang harus dikuasai oleh siswa yaitu keterampilan menyimak,
keterampilan berbicara, keterampilan membaca, dan keterampilan menulis.
Diantara empat keterampilan berbahasa itu, kemampuan menulis merupakan salah
satu aspek kemampuan berbahasa yang dalam proses pembelajaran merupakan suatu
proses kompleks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterampilan
menulis diharapkan dapat tumbuh dan berkembang dilingkungan pendidikan. Sekolah
merupakan lingkungan pendidikan yang harus mampu memberikan keterampilan
menulis pada anak didiknya. Namun, pada kenyataannya pengajaran bahasa
indonesia khususnya yang berhubungan dengan keterampilan penulis belum
menampakkan hasil yang memuaskan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
era globalisasi seperti sekarang ini, keterampilan menulis sangatlah
diperlukan, sehingga tidakklah berlebihan bila kita mengatakan bahwa
keterampilan menulis merupakan suatu ciri dari orang yang terpelajar atau
bangsa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yang</i> terpelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila
dilihat dari segi pengajaran, kurang berhasilanya pengajaran keterampilan
menulis di Sekolah disebabkan oleh mated ajar yang diberikan masih bersifat
teoritis dan kurangnya kreativitas guru dalam memberikan mated yang berhubungan
dengan keterampilan menulis. Keberhasilan pengajaran dipengaruhi oleh
fakotor-faktor yang terdiri atas guru, siswa, metode pengajaran, dan materi
atau bahan pelajaran. Dalam hal ini, guru harus memliki kreativitas yang dapat menunjang
keberhasilan pengajaran sehingga siswa benar-benar memiliki kemampuan dan
keterampilan sesuai dengan tujuan pengajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seperti
yang telah dijelaskan diatas bahwa salah satu faktor yang bisa meningkatkan
pembelajaran menulis adalah penggunaan metode dan teknik. Salah satu teknik
yang bisa digunakan dalah dengan menggunakan pendekatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CTL (Contextual Teaching And Leraning). </i>Pembelajaran kontektual
adalah konsep belajar yang membantu guru mengaitkan materi yang diajarkan
dengan situasi dunia nyata siswa dan mendorong siswa membuat hubungan antara
pengetahuan yang dimilikinya dengan penerapannya dalam kehidupan mereka
sehari-hari, yaitu konstruktivisme (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constructivism</i>),
bertanya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Questioning</i>), menemukan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inquiry</i>), masyarakat belajar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Learning Comunity</i>), Pemodelan
(Modeling), penilaian sebenarnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Authentic
Assement</i>), dan refleksi (Reflection) (Depdiknas, 2002 : 6) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
pemikiran diatas, penulis merumuskan judul <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pembelajaran
Menulis Narasi Sugestif Melalui Pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning
(CTL) pada Siswa Kelas I Di SMA Negerei Cibingbin.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batasan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karangan terdiri atas empat jenis
yaitu, karangan narasi, karangan deskripsi, karangan argumentasi, dan karangan
eksposisi. Untuk memfokuskan penelitian terhadap objek yang akan diteliti,
penulis membatasi masalah pada kemampuan siswa menulis narasi khususnya narasi
sugestif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RUMUSAN MASALAH</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seberapa besar kemampuan siswa menulis
narasi sugestif sebelum diberi tindakan pembelajaran melalui pendekatan CTL?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seberapa besar peningkatan kemampuan
siswa menulis narasi sugestif setelah diberi tindakan pembelajaran dengan
menggunakan pendekatan CTL?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DEFINISI OPERASIONAL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karangan narasi adalah karangan
berbentuk cerita yang antara peristiwa yang satu dengan peristiwa yang lain
saling berkaitan, disusun menurut urutan kejadian atau urutan waktu dan
bersumber dari daya khayal pengarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Narasi sugestif adalah narasi yang
berisi karya fiktif yang bertujuan memberi suatu makna kepada pembacanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan CTL adalah salah satu teknik
pembelajaran yang menghubungkan siswa dengan kehidupan nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui kemampuan awal siswa
dalam menulis karangan narasi sugestif sebelum diberi tindakan pembelajaran
melalui pendekatan CTL</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui peningkatan kemampuan siswa
dalam menulis karangan narasi sugestif setelah diberi tindakan pembelajaran
dengan menggunakan pendekatan CTL.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MANFAAT PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
beberapa manfaat yang bisa diambil dari penelitian ini. Selain bermanfaat untuk
peneliti, penelitian ini juga bermanfaat untuk guru sebagai pengajar mata
pelajaran bahasa dan sastra Indonesia, dan siswa.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi
peneliti, penelitian ini bisa membantu dalam mengetahui perkembangan pengajaran
bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, khususnya pengajaran menulis. Selain itu, penulis
sebagai calon guru bahasa dan sastra Indonesia dituntut untuk mengetahui materi
dibidang tersebut. Oleh karena itu, sebelum terjun kedunia pendidikan yang
sebenarnya, penulis harus dapat mengenal permasalahan yan terjadi dalam
pengajaran bahasa dan sastra Indonesia. Penelitian ini dapat menambah wawasan
siswa dalam dunia pendidikan dilapangan dan gambaran nyata kemampuan siswa
dalam menulis narasi.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
bagi siswa ialah mendapatkan bahan pengajaran yang diperoleh dari kehidupan
sehari-hari, karena narasi sugestif erat berhubungan dengan mereka. Hampir
semua siswa menggemari narasi sugestif. Mereka sering membaca narasi sugestif
dalam bentuk cerpen baik dari majalah maupun dari buku kumpulan cerpen. Selain
itu, siswa merasakan pengalaman menulis narasi sugestif dengan baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi
guru sebagai pengajar mata pelajarn bahasa dan sastra Indonesia, penelitian ini
bisa memberikan masukan dan upaya-upaya peningkatan kemampuan siswa dalam
menulis karangn narasi sugestif.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANGGARAN DASAR</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaran menulis Narasi Sugestif
pada siswa kelas X di SMA Negeri I Cibingbin sudah sering dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan Contextual Teaching dan
Learning (CTL) pada siswa kelas X SMA Negeri I Cibingbin jarang dipakai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan modal-modal pembelajaran
sangat penting untuk keberhasilan proses belajar mengajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis sudah mengetahui ilmu tentang
Narasi Sugestif pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis mampu menulis penelitian ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis
memiliki waktu dan dana yang cukup untuk menyusun penelitian ini.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KERANGKA TEORI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MENULIS
NARASI SUGESTIF DAN PENDEKATAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND
LEARNING (CTL)</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada hakikatnya orang memiliki kemampuan untuk berkomunikasi.
Kemampun ini kita dapat melalui transmisi budaya (Moulton dalam Darmadi 1996 :
1), yaitu sesuatu yang kita dapatkan melalui suatu proses belajar dan bukan
sebagai warisan. Kemampuan berkomunikasi dapat disebut juga kemampuan berbahasa
karena didalam berkomunikasi kita menggunakan bahasa sebagai media utamanya.
Ada empat kemampuan berbahsa yaitu kemampuan menyimak, kemampuan berbicara, kemampuan
membaca, dan kemampuan menulis. Keempat kemampuan itu merupakan satu kesatuan
dalam rangka mendukung kemampuan komunikasi yang baik. Oleh karena itu,
meningkatkan penguasaan berbagai kemampuan itu secara terus menerus akan sangat
mendukung penguasaan komunikasi yang semakin baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kemampuan menyimak adalah yang relatif paling mudah dan disusul
dengan kamampuan yang agak sukar, yaitu kemampuan berbicara. Setingkat lebih
sukar lagi yaitu kemampuan membaca dan yang paling sukar adalah kemampuan
menulis.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Menulis</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
sederhana menulis dapat diartikan dengan mencoret-coret atau menggores alat
tulis pada selembar kertas, papan tulis dan alat sejenisnya. Dalam arti yang
lebih luas Syamsuddin A.R mengatakan bahwa :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
arti sesuangguhnya, menulis adalah salah satu jenis keterampilan berbahasa yang
dimiliki dan digunakan oleh manusia sebagai alat komunikasi tidak langsung
diantara mereka. Hal ini terkadi karena dalam kenyataan hidup bermasyarakat,
kontak komunikasi itu tidak selalu dapat dilakukan dengan tatap muka. Kegiatan
menulis baru dapat tertulis, setelah manusia belajar dahulu mengenai bahasa
tertulis karena keterampilan ini berbeda dengan keterampilan menyimak dan
berbicara yang dimiliki manusia normal sejak lahir.” (1994 :1)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">M.E
Suhendar (1992) memberikan pengertian bahwa menulis merupakan suatu proses
perubahan bentuk pikiran/angan-angan/perasaan dan sebagainya menjadi wujud
lambang/tanda/tulisan. Menulis juga dapat diartikan sebagai keterampilan
berbahasa yang menuntut seseorang menghasilkan sesuatu (karangan) sebagai
ungkapan pikiran, perasaan, dan kemampuannya dalam bahasa tertulis (Sapani,
1990 :2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
pengertian-pengertian menulis yang telah dikemukakan, dapat dapat disimpulkan
bahwa menulis adalah sebuah keterampilan berbahasa yang digunakan sebagai alat
komunikasi tidak langsung untuk menuangkan pikiran, perasaan, dan kemampuannya
dalam bahasa tertulis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menulis Sebagai Aspek Keterampilan Berbahasa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menulis sebagai aspek keterampilan
berbahasa memiliki hubungan antara keempat keterampilan bahasa tersebut menurut
Anderson sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyimak dan membaca erat hubungannya
dalam hal bahwa keduanya merupakan alat untuk menerima komunikasi. Berbicara
dan menulis erat hubungannya dalam hal bahwa keduanya merupakan cara
mengekspresikan makna atau arti. Dalam penggunaannya keempat keterampilan itu sering
sekali8 berhubungan satu sama lain. Seorang mahasiswa mencatat waktu ia
menyimak atau membaca. Seorang pembicara menafsirkan responsi pendengaran
terhadap suaranya sendiri. Dalam percakapan jelas terlihat bahwa berbicara dan
menyimak hampir-hampir merupakan proses yang sama.” (H.G Tarigan, 190 dalam
Syamsudin 1992 :40)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat Menulis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun
menulis merupakan kemampuan yang paling sulit untuk dikuasai, tidak ada alasan
bagi siswa untuk tidak belajar menulis. Beberapa alasan penting mengapa kita harus
belajar menulis menurut Hairston (Dalam Darmadi, 1996:3), yaitu sebagai berikut
:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan menulis adalah satu sarana
untuk menemukan sesuatu. Dalam hal ini dengan menulis kita dapat merangsang
pemikiran kita dan kalau dilakukan dengan intensif maka akan dapat membuka
penyumbat otak kita dalam rangka mengangkat ide dan informasi yang ada di alam
bawah sadar pemikiran kita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan menulis dapat memunculkan ide
baru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan menulis dapat melatih kemampuan
mengorganisasi dan menjernihkan berbagai konsep dan ide yang kita miliki.
Kegiatan menulis dapat melatih sikap objektif yang ada pada diri seseorang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan menulis dapat membantu dirikita
untuk menyerap dan memproses informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan menulis akn memungkinkan kita
untuk berlatih memecahkan beberap masalah sekaligus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatn menulis dalam sebuah bidang ilmu
akan memungkinkan kita untuk menjadi aktif dan tidak hanya menjadi penerima
informasi saja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhadiah (1992:1-2) mengemukakan
beberapa manfaat kegiatan menulis sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan menulis dapat lebih mengenali
kemampun dan potensi diri dan mengetahui sampai dimana pengetahuan kita tentang
suatu topik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan menulis dapat mengembangkan
berbagai gagasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan menulis lebih banyak menyerap,
mencari, serta menguasai informasi sehubungan dengan topik yang kita tulis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan menulis dapat mengomunikasikan
gagasan secara sistematis dan mengungkapkannya secara tersurat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan menulis dapat menilai diri kita
secara objektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan menulis dapat memecahkan
permasalahan yaitu dengan menganalisanya secara tersurat dalam konteks yang
konkret</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan menulis mendorong kita belajar
lebih aktif, kita menjadi penemu, serta pemecah masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan penulis yang terencana akan
membiasakan kita berfikir serta berbahasa secara tertib</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberpa manfaat diatas menjelaskan bahwa
dengan berlatih menulis terus menerusakan dapat menjadikan kita sebagai penulis
yang lancar. Seiring dengan bertambahnya tingkat kelancaran kita dalam menulis,
maka akan bertambah pula tingkat kepercayaan diri kita. Disamping itu semua,
jelas kegiatan menulis dapat menjadi pengalaman yang produktif berharga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menulis Narasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Narasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Narasi
menurut Suhendar (1992:102) merupakan suatu bentuk wacana yang berusaha
mengisahkan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa sehingga tampak seolah-olah pembaca
melihat atau mengalami peristiwa itu. Hanafiah (1981:66) berpendapat bahwa
karangan narasi adalah karangan yang menceritakan satu atau beberapa kejadian
dan bagaimana berlangsungya peristiwa-pristiwa tertentu yang biasanya di susun
menurut urutan waktu (secara kronologis). Sedangkan Gorys Keraf (1983: 136)
mendenifisikan narasi sebagai suatu bentuk wacana yang berusaha menggambarkan
dengan sejelas jelasnya kepada pembaca suatu peristiwa yang telah terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
difinisi diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa karangan narasi adalah bentuk karangan
yang isinya menceritakan peristiwa dalam urutan waktu tertentu yang mana
peristiwa-peristiwa itu berkaitan satu sama lainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk Karangan Narasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila
ditinjau dari segi bentuk, Gorys Keraf (1985:136) membagi narasi dalam dua
bentuk yang meliputi narasi ekspositoris dan narasi sugestif. Narasi
ekspositoris bertujuan untuk menggugah pikiran para pembaca untuk mengetahui
apa yang telah dikisahkan. Sasaran utamanya adalah rasio, yaitu berupa
perluasan pengetahuan para pembaca setelah membaca kisah tersebut. Narasi
sugestif berkaitan dengan tindakan atau perbuatan yang dirangkaikan dalam suatu
kejadian atau peristiwa. Seluruh rangkaian kejadian itu berlangsung dalam satu
kesatuan waktu. Tujuan atau sasaran utamanya adalah memberi makna atas
peristiwa atau kejadian sebagai suatu pengalaman. Oleh karena itu, karena
sasaran utamanya adalah makna peristiwa, maka menurut Gorys Keraf (1981:138)
narasi sugestif selalu melibatkan daya khayal (imajinasi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Narasi
sugestif merupakan suatu rangkaian peristiwa yang merangsang daya khayal.
Pembaca menarik makna baru diluar apa yang diungkapkan secara eksplisit.
Sesuatu yang eksplisit adalah sesuatu yang tersurat mengenai objek dan subjek
yang bergerak dan bertindak, sedangkan makna baru adalah makna yang tersirat
(Keraf, 1981:138)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
pendapat diatas, maka dapatlah penulis simpulkan bahwa narasi tidak memberikan
komentar mengenai sebuah cerita, tetapi mengisahkan suatu cerita atau kisah.
Dalam penyajiannya, seluruh kejadian yang disajikan menyiapkan pembaca kepada
pembaca kepada suatu perasaan tertentu untuk menghadapi peristiwa yang berada
di depan matanya, sehingga dapat menimbulkan simpati atau antipati mereka terhadap
kajadian itu sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuai
dengan perbedaan antara narasi sugestif dan narasi ekspositoris, maka narasi
dapat dibedakan atas bentuk narasi yang fiktif dan nonfiktif. Bentuk-bentuk
narasi yang terkenal yang biasa dibicarakan dalam hubungan dengan kesusastraan
adalah roman, novel, cerpen, dongeng, sejarah, biografi, dan autobiografi.
Dibawah ini adalah karangan narasi sugestif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Misteri
Rumah Tua</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
orang, rumah tua yang ada didepan rumahku itu ada penghuninya, yaitu seorang
nenek tua yang barabad usianya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu
malam, aku melihat jendela kamarku sambil mengerjakan tugas-tugas untuk
dikumpulkan besok. Saat aku mengerjakan PR matematika, ada seseorang yang
memanggil namaku tiga kali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sis.....Sisca......Sisca,
turun kebawah, Nak” padahal semua orang yang ada dirumah ini sudah tidur semua.
Dengan rasa takut, aku memaksakan mataku untuk dipejamkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiba-tiba
aku berada dirumah yang sangat indah. Didalamnya seperti istana. Seorang wanita
cantik datang menyapaku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Hai,
Sis....bagaimana kabarmu?” Dengan terheran-heran aku bertanya-tanya dalam hati,
dari mana wanita itu tahu namaku? Lalu aku bertanya, “Apa maksud anda?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Ah,
Lupakanlah. Kamu pasti tidak akan tahu” Katanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seorang
laki-laki tampan mengajakku pergi keruang makan. Wah, mejanya panjang sekali.
Meja tersebut penuh dengan makanan lezat. Laki-laki itu mempersilahkan untuk
makan bersama-sama. Laki-laki itu pasti seorang pangeran. Hal ini terlihat dari
tutur bicara dan gerak-geriknya yang berwibawa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
aku mulai menyantap, tiba-tiba semua benda yang ada di depan mataku hilang,
lenyap entah kemana. Istana itu berubah menjadi rumah tua yang penuh kelelawar.
Makanan di piringku berubah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjadi
ulat berbulu dan cacing. Aku terperanjat dan lari ke luar. Kenapa kakiku tidak
bisa bergerak? Aku berusaha lari walau kakiku terasa berat. Tapi kakiku tetap
saja tak mau bergerak. Aku berteriak ketakutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Mama!
Mama ! Tolong aku !”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seorang
wanita tua datang padaku dan berkata, “Kamu tak kan pernah keluar dari sini”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
! tidak mungkin ! aku terus menerus berteriak minta tolong, tetapi tidak ada
yang mau menolongku. Wanita tua itu menyeretku ke dalam sebuah lorong kecil
yang panjang. Aku menjumpai banyak makhluk yang mengerikan. Aku merasa takut
sekali. Wanita itu menjatuhkanku ke dalam jurang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aku
berusaha membukia mtaku. Aku mlihat sekelilingku. Aku merasa mengenali tempat
ini. Ya, tentu saja. Ini kamarku. Ternyata semua kejadian mengerikan yang baru
saja ku alami itu adalah sebuah mimpi belaka. Aku melihat jam dinding. Sudah
pukul 06.00 pagi. Aku lari menuju kamar mandi dan bersiap-siap untuk pergi
sekolah. (Dian Nurlatifah, 2003:202-203)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan
Narasi Sugestif dengan Narasi Ekspositoris</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Supaya
perbedaan antara narasi ekspositoris dan narasi sugestif lebih jelas, maka
dibawah ini akan dikemukakan lagi secara singkat perbedaan antara kedua macam
narasi tersebut. Perbedaan yang terpenting menurut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gorys
Keraf (1981:138-139) adalah :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 36pt; width: 488px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 31.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.1pt;" width="35">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Narasi Ekspositoris</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" width="236">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Narasi Sugestif</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.1pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Memperluas Pengetahuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menyampaikan suatu makna atau suatu amanat yang tersirat</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.1pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menyampaikan suatu informasi mengenai suatu
kejadian</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menimbulkan daya khayal</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.1pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Didasarkan pada penalaran untuk mencapai
kesepakatan rasional</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penalaran hanya berfungsi sebagai alat untuk
menyampaikan makna, sehingga kalau perlu penalaran dapat dilanggat</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.1pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahasanya lebih condong ke bahasa informative
dengan titik berat pada penggunaan kata-kata denotatif</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahasanya lebih condong ke bahasa figurative
dengan menitik beratkan penggunaan kata-kata konotatif</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Narasi sebagai suatu bentuk wacana dapat
menjadi suatu bentuk tulisan yang berdiri sendiri, tetapi dapat pula menyerap
bentuk lainnya. Dalam narasi dapat di jumpai unsur-unsur argumentasi,
eksposisi, dan deskripsi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjuran, larangan, dan sebagaianya berkenaan
gagasan yang mendasari cerita itu.”(1981:91)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya, esten (1981:91)
mengemukakan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan amanat adalah pesan atau jalan keluar
yang diberikan pengarang terhadap pokok persoalan atau tema yang ada di dalam
sebuah cerita</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan pendapat-pendapat tersebut,
akhirnya penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa amanat merupakan pesan yang ingin
disampaikan pengarang kepada pembaca yang bisa ditemukan dalam tindakan atau
pesan yang ditulis pada akhir cerita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan Kontekstual</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan
contextual merupakan salah satu topik yang banyak dibicarakan orang dalam dunia
pendidikan saat ini. CTL membuat siswa terlibat aktif dalam kegiatan yang
diharapkan dapat membantu mereka untuk mampu menghubungkan pengetahuan yang
diperoleh dikelas dengan situasi kehidupan nyata. Dengan deminikian, mereka
akan menyadari dan memahami bahwa pelajaran yang diperoleh disekolah bermakna
bagi mereka kelak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dunia
pendidikan saat ini memiliki kecenderungan bahwa anak akan belajar lebih baik
jika lingkungan diciptakan alamiah. Belajar akan lebih bermakna jika anak
‘mengalami’ apa yang dipelajarinya bukan ‘mengetahui’-nya. Pembelajaran yang
menuntut penguasaan materi hanya mampu ‘mengingat’ jangka pendek dan tidak
mampu dalam membekali anak memecahkan persoalan dalam kehidupan jangka panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejauh
ini pendidikan kita masih didominasi oleh pandangan bahwa pengetahuan sebagai
perangkat fakta-fakta yang harus di hafal. Kelas masih berfokus pada guru
sebagai sumber utama pengetahuan. Untuk itu, diperlukan sebuah strategi belajar
yang tidak mengharuskan siswa menghafal tetapi mendorong siswa
mengkonstruksikan pengetahuan dibenak mereka sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hakikat Pembelajaran Kontekstual</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan
kontekstual (Contextual Teaching and Learning) merupakan konsep belajar yang
membantu guru mengaitkan antara mated yang diajarkannya dengan situasi dunia
nyata siswa dan mendorong siswa membuat hubungan antara pengetahuan yang
dimilikinya dengan penerapannya dalam kehidupan mereka sehari-hari, dengan
melibatkan tujuh komponen utama pembelajaran efektif yakni : konstruktivisme (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constructivism</i>), bertanya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Questioning</i>), menemukan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inquiry</i>), masyarakat belajar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Learning Comunity</i>), Pemodelan
(Modeling), penilaian sebenarnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Authentic
Assement</i>), dan refleksi (Reflection). Melalui pendekatan ini pembelajaran
diharapkan lebih bermakna bagi siswa. Proses pembelajaran diharapkan lebih
bermakna bagi siswa. Proses pembelajaran diharapkan lebih bermakna bagi siswa.
Proses pembelajaran berlangsung alamiah dalam bentuk kegiatan siswa bekerja dan
mengalami, bukan transfer pengetahun dari guru ke siswa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lima Elemen Belajar Dalam Pendekatan Kontekstual</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Zahorik (dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Depdiknas, 2002:7</i>) ada
elemen yang harus diperhatikan dalam praktek pembelajaran kontekstual. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaktifan pengetahuan yang sudah ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemerolehan pengetahuan baru dengan cara
mempelajari secara keseluruhan dulu, kemudian memperhatikan detailnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemahaman pengetahuan, yaitu dengan cara
menyusun (1) konsep sementara (hipotesis), (2) malakukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sharing </i>kepada orang lain agar mendapat tanggapan dan atas dasar
tanggapan itu konsep tersebut direvisi dan dikembangkan. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempraktekan pengetahuan dan pengalaman
tersebut melakukan refleksi terhadap strategi pengembangan pengetahuan tersebut</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerapan Pendekatan Kontekstual di Kelas</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan
CTL memiliki tujuh komponen utama, yaitu konstruktivisme (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constructivism</i>), bertanya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Questioning</i>),
menemukan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inquiry</i>), masyarakat
belajar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Learning Comunity</i>),
Pemodelan (Modeling), penilaian sebenarnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Authentic
Assement</i>), dan refleksi (Reflection). Sebuah kelas dikatakan menggunakan
pendekatan CTL jika menerapkan ketujuh komponen tersebut dalam pembelajarannya.
Untuk melaksanakan hal itu tidak sulit. CTL dapat diterapkan dalam kurikulum
apasaja, bidang studi apa saja, dan kelas yang bagaimanapun keadaannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerapan
CTL dalam kelas cukup mudah. Secara garis besar, langkhnya adalah sebagai
berikut.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kembangkan pikiran bahwa anak akan
belajar lebih bermakna dengan cara bekerja sendiri, dan mengkonstruksi sendiri
pengetahuan dan keterampilan barunya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laksanakan sejauh mungkin kegiatan
inkuiri untuk semua topik</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kembangkan sikap ingin tahu siswa dengan
bertanya</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciptakan ‘masyarakat belajar’ (belajar
dalam kelompok)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hadirkan ‘model’ sebagai contoh
pembelajaran</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan refleksi di akhir pertemuan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan penilaian yang sebenarnya dengan
berbagai cara. (Depdiknas,2002:10)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuh Komponen CTL</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontruktivime (Constructivism)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">konstruktivisme
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constructivism</i>) merupakan landasan
berfikir (filosofi) pendekatan CTL, yaitu bahwa pengetahuan dibangun oleh
manusia sedikit demi sedikit, yang hasilnya diperluas melalui konteks yang
terbatas (sempit) dan tidak sekonyong-konyong (Depdiknas, 2002:10). Pengetahuan
bukanlah seperangkat fakta-fakta, konsep, atau kaidah yang siap untuk diambil
dan diingat. Manusia harus mengkonstruksi pengetahuan itu dan memberi makna
melalui pengalaman nyata. Siswa harus mengonstruksi pengetahuan dibenak mereka
sendiri, sehingga pembelajaran harus dikemas menjadi proses ‘mengonstruksi’
bukan ‘menerima’ pengetahuan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Landasan
berfikir kontruktivisme agak berbeda dengan kaum objektivis, yang lebih
menekannkan pada hasil pembelajaran. Dalam pandangan kontruktivis, strategi
‘memperoleh’ lebih diutamakan dibandingkan seberapa banyak siswa memperoleh dan
mengingat pengetahuan. Untuk itu, tugas guru adalah memfasilitasi proses
tersebut dengan :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjadikan pengetahuan bermakna dan
relevan bagi siswa</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberi kesempatan siswa menemukan dan
menerapkan idenya sendiri dan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyadarkan siswa agar menerapkan
strategi mereka sendiri dalam belajar (Depdiknas, 2002:11)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan tumbuh berkembang melalui
pengalaman. Pemahaman berkembang semakin dalam dan semakin kuat apabila selalu
di uji dengan pengalaman baru. Menurut Piaget (Dalam Depdiknas,2002:11),
manusia memiliki struktur pengetahuan dalam otaknya, seperti kotak-kotak yang
masing-masing berisi informasi bermakna yang berbeda-beda. Setiap pengalaman
baru dihubungkan dengan kotak-kotak dalam otak manusia tersebut</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menemukan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inquiry</i>)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menemukan
merupakan bagian inti dari kegiatan pembelajaran berbasis CTL. Pengetahuan dan keterampilan
yang diperoleh siswa diharapkan bukan hasil mengingat fakta-fakta tetapi hasil
dari menemukan sendiri. Guru harus selalu merancang kegiatan yang merujuk pada
kegiatan menemukan, apapun materi yang diajarkannya. Inquiri dapat diterapkan
pada semua bidang studi. Kata kunci dari strategi inquiri adalah siswa
‘menemukan’ sendiri</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bertanya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Questioning</i>)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan
yang dimiliki seseorang, selalu bermula dari ‘bertanya’ questioning (Bertanya) merupakan
strategi utama pembelajaran yang berbasis ctl. bertanya dalam pembelajaran
dipandang sebgai kegiatan guru untuk mendorong, membimbing, dan menilai
kemampuan berfikir siswa. Bagi siswa, kegiatan bertanya merupakan bagian
penting dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran yang berbasis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inquiry </i>yaitu menggali informasi, mengkonfirmasikan apa yang sudah
diketahui, dan mengarahkan perhatian pada aspek yang belum diketahuinya. Dalam
sebuah kegiatan produktif, kegiatan bertanya berguna untuk :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggali informasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengecek pemahaman siswa</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membangkitkan respon kepada siswa</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui sejauh mana keingintahuan
siswa</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui hal-hal yang sudah diketahui
siswa</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memfokuskan perhatian siswa pada sesuatu
yang dikehendaki guru untuk membangkitkan lebih banyak lagi pertanyaan dari
siswa dan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menyegarkan kembali pengetahuan
siswa (Depdiknas, 2002:14)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hampir pada semua aktivitas belajar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">queating </i>dapat diterapkan antar siswa
dengan siswa, antara siswa dengan guru, antara siswa dengan orang lain lain
yang didatangkan kekelas, dsb. Kegiatan tersebut akan menumbuhkan dorongan
untuk ‘bertanya’</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakat Belajar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Learning Comunity</i>)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep learning comunity menyarankan
agar hasil pembelajaran diperoleh dari kerjasama dengan orang lain. Hasil
belajar dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sharring </i>antara teman,
antar kelompok, antar yang satu dengan yang tahu ke yang belum tahu. Dalam
kelas CTL, guru disarankan selalu melaksanakan pembelajaran dalam
kelompok-kelompok belajar. Seseorang yang terlibat dalam kegiatan masyarakat
belajar memberi informasi yang diperlukan oleh teman bicaranya dan sekaligus
juga meminta informasi yang diperlukan dari teman belajarnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan saling belajar ini dapat
terjadi apabila tidak ada pihak yang dominan dalam komunikasi, tidak ada pihak
yang merasa segan untuk bertanya, tidak ada pihak yang menganggap paling tahu,
semua pihak mau saling mendengarkan. Setiap pihak harus merasa setiap orang
lain memiliki pengetahuan, pengalaman, atau keterampilan yang berbeda yang
perlu dipelajari. Kalau setiap orang mau belajar dari orang lain, maka setiap
orang lain dapat menjadi sumber belajar, dan ini berarti setiap orang akan
sangat kaya dengan pengetahuan dan pengalaman.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemodelan (Modeling)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen
CTL selanjutnya adalah permodelan. Maksudnya, dalam sebuah pembelajaran
keterampilan atau pengetahuan tertentu, ada model yang dapat ditiru. Model itu
bisa berupa contoh hasil kaya atau guru memberi contoh tentang cara bekerja
sesuatu sebelum siswa melaksanakan tugas. Dalam pendekatan CTL, guru bukan
satu-satunya model. Model dapat dirancang dengan melibatkan siswa.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Refleksi (Reflection).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Refleksi
juga bagian penting dalam pembelajran dengan pendekatan CTL. Refleksi adalah
cara berfikir tentang apa tang baru dipelajari atau berfikir ke belakang
tentang apa-apa yang sudah kita lakukan dimasa yang lalu. Refleksi merupakan
respon terhadap kejadian, aktivitas, atau pengetahuan yang baru diterima. Pada
akhir pembelajaran, guru menyisakan waktu sejenak agar siswa melakukan
refleksi. Realisasinya dapat berupa pernyataan langsung tentang apa-apa yang
diperolehnya hari itu, catatan atau jurnal dibuku siswa, kesan dan saran siswa
mengenai pembelajaran hari itu, atau diskusi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penilaian Sebenarnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Authentic Assement</i>)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Assessment
adalah proses pengumpulan berbagai data yang bisa memberikan gambaran
perkembangan belajar siswa. Gambaran ini perlu diketahui oleh guru agar bisa
memastikan bahwa siswa mengalami proses pembelajaran dengan benar. Apabila data
yang dikumpulkan guru mengidentifikasi bahwa siswa mengalami kemacetan dalam
belajar, maka guru segera dapat mengambil tindakan yang tepat agar siswa
terbebas dari kemacetan tersebut. Karena <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Assessment
</i>menekankan proses pembelajaran, maka data yang dikumpulkn harus dikumpulkan
dari kegiatan nyata yang dikerjakan siswa pada saat melakukan proses
pembelajaran. Penilaian autentik menilai pengetahuan dan keterampilan
(Performansi) yang diperoleh siswa. Penilaian tidak hanya guru, tetapi bisa
juga teman lain atau orang lain. Hal-hal yang bisa digunakan sebagai dasar
menilai prestasi siswa adalah :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan dan laporannya</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PR</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuis</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya siswa</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prestasi atau penampilan siswa</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demonstrasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jurnal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil tes tulis</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya
tulis</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">J.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HIPOTESIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaran menulis Narasi sugestif pada
siswa kelas X di SMA Negeri I Cibingbin cukup baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan Contextual Teaching and
Learning (CTL) pada kelas X di SMA Negeri I Cibingbin belum maksimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaran menulis Narasi Sugestif
melalui Pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) pada kelas X di SMA
Negeri I Cibingbin Cukup Baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">K.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">POPULASI DAN SAMPEL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Populasi adalah jumlah keseluruhan objek
yang kita teliti atau wilayah geralisasi yang terdiri dari objek yang menjadi
kuantitas dan karakteristik tertentu yang ditetapkan oleh peneliti untuk
dipelajari dan ditarik kesimpulannya, dalam penelitian ini penulis mengambil
populasi seluruh kelas X di SMA Negeri I Cibingbin Kuningan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampel adalah objek atau bagian yang
dipilih daripopulasi dalam pengambilan sampel. Dalam penelitian ini penulis mengambi
sampel yaitu kelas X di SMA Negeri I Cibingbin Kuningan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">L.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">METODE PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik Penelitian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian
ini menggunakan pendekatakan kontekstual karena penulis beranggapan dengan,
pendakatan ini suasana belajar dapat lebih menyenangkan siswa sehingga mereka
tidak merasa jenuh. Selama ini siswa merasa pelajaran bahasa dan sastra
Indonesia khususnya mengarang dirasakan sangat membosankan. CTL menawarkan
pembelajaran yang lebih menyenangkan dengan tujuh komponen didalamnya yaitu;
konstruktivisme (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constructivism</i>),
bertanya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Questioning</i>), menemukan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inquiry</i>), masyarakat belajar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Learning Comunity</i>), Pemodelan
(Modeling), penilaian sebenarnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Authentic
Assement</i>), dan refleksi (Reflection).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rancangan Penelitian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian
mengenai pembelajaran menulis narasi sugestif dengan pendekatan kualitatif
untuk memperoleh data deskriptif yaitu berupa hasil tulisan siswa. Metode yang
digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (yang selanjutnya disebut PTK). PTK
digunakan untuk mengetahui kekurangan dalam pembelajaran, mengetahui
perkembangan kemampuan siswa pada setiap pembelajaran, dan merencanakan upaya
tindak lanjut untuk mengatasi kekurangan-kekurangan tersebut. Ada lima tahapan
dalam PTK menurut Joni dkk (Depdikbud, 1992:26), yaitu (1) pengembangan fokus
masalah, (2) perencanaan tindakan kelas, (3) pelaksanaan tindakan perbaikan,
observasi, dan interpretasi, (4) analisis dan refleksi, dan (5) perencanaan
tindak lanjut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">M.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TEKHNIK PENGOLAHAN DATA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
demikian untuk mengelola data agar data mempunyai arti dan implikasi, penulis
sajikan dalam bentuk kesimpulan dan generalisasi, akhirnya penulis menempuh
dengan cara sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pretest, hasil pretest penulis analisa
dengan cara meratakan hasil kelas. Hasil yang dicapai siswa dari pretest
kemudian kemudian penulis hubungkan pula dengan hasil obsevasi kelas, hasil
penelitian buku, wawancara, dan angket.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postest, hasil postest penulis analisis
dengan cara merata-ratakan hasil kelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
hasil test tersebut diolah, lalu penulis bandingkan dengan kategori sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat dikatakan berhasil apabila
perbedaan antara hasil pretest dan postest cukup mencolok, sekurang-kurangnya
60% tujuan tercapai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak berhasil apabila hasil postest dan
pretest tidak mengalami perbedaan atau kurang dari 60%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">N.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JADWAL PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun rencana kerja
dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadwal
Penelitian</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="3" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rencana Kerja</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="12" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 243.05pt;" width="324">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bulan</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mei</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Juni</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Juli</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.3pt;" width="27">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;" width="149">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membuat Proposal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.3pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;" width="149">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengurus Surat Izin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.3pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;" width="149">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Observasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.3pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;" width="149">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mencari Data</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.3pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;" width="149">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengolah Data</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.3pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;" width="149">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Analisis Data</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.3pt;" width="27">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.55pt;" width="34">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;" width="149">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menyusun Laporan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 20.25pt;" width="27">
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<br /></div>yulianihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05665580843037726326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2251383717746990231.post-29582213474225938262012-06-14T01:43:00.002-07:002012-06-14T01:43:28.091-07:00MAKALAH DASAR-DASAR PENDIDIKAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latar
Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f;">Pendidikan pada dasarnya adalah media dalam mendidik dan
mengembangkan peotensi-potensi kemanusiaan yang primordial. Pendidikan
sejatinya adalah gerbang untuk mengantar umat manusia menuju peradaban yang
lebih tinggi dan humanis dengan berlandaskan pada keselarasan hubungan manusia,
lingkungan, dan sang pencipta. Pendidikan adalah sebuah ranah yang didalamnya
melibatkan dialektika interpersonal dalam mengisi ruang-ruang kehidupan; sebuah
ranah yang menjadi pelita bagi perjalanan umat manusia, masa lalu, masa kini,
dan masa akan datang. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f;">Pendidikan dalam pelaksanaannya membutuhkan metode yang
tepat untuk mengantarkan kegiatan pendidikan kearahtujuan yang dicita-citakan.
Bagaimanapun baik dan sempurnanya kurikulum pendidikan islam, ia tidak berarti
apa-apa, manakala tidak memiliki metode atau cara yang tepat dalam
mentransformasikannya kepada peserta didik.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Batasan
Masalah</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #0d154f;">Adapun batasan Masalah dalam karya tulis ini adalah:</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f;">Pengertian dan ruang lingkup
filsafat pendidikan</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ontologi,
Epistemologi, dan Aksiologi Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar-Dasar
Ilmu Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi
Dan Peran Lembaga Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Pendidikan Nasional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demokrasi
Pendidikan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan
Yang Ingin Dicapai</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #0d154f;">Adapun Tujuan penulis dalam penulisan karya tulis ini adalah</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f;">Sebagai salah satu </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;">tugas </span><span style="color: #0d154f;">Presentasi </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mata Pelajaran </span><span style="color: #0d154f;">Dasar-dasar
Pendidikan semes</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ter I</span><span style="color: #0d154f;">I</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Prodi PGMI</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode
Yang Digunakan</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode deskriftif dengan teknik
study kepustakaan, yaitu pengetahuan yang bersumber dari media tulis berupa
buku yang tentu ada kaitannya masalah-masalah yang di bahas di dalam Karya
tulis ini.</span><span style="color: #0d154f;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f;">Sistimatika Penulisan</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #0d154f;">Sistematika penyusunan makalah ini dibagi menjadi tiga bagian utama,
yang selanjutnya dijabarkan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f;">Bagaian kesatu adalah pendahuluan. Dalam bagian ini penyusun
memeparkan beberapa Pokok permasalahan awal yang berhubungan erat dengan
permasalah utama. Pada bagian pendahuluan ini di paparkan tentang latar
belakang masalah batasan, dan rumusan masalah, tujuan penulisan makalah, metode
penulisan dan sistematika penulisan makalah.<br />
Bagian Kedua yaitu pembahasan. Pada bagian ini merupakan bagaian utama yang
hendak dikaji dalam proses penyusunan makalah. Penyususn berusaha untuk
mendeskripsikan berbagai temuan yang berhasil ditemukan dari hasil pencarian
sumber/bahan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f;">Bagian ketiga yaitu Kesimpulan. Pada Kesempatan ini
penyusun berusaha untuk mengemukakan terhadap semua permasalahan-permasalahan
yang dikemukakan oleh penyusun dalam perumusan masalah.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian dan Ruang Lingkup Filsafat Pendidikan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Filsafat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata
Filsafat berasal dari bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Yunani. Dalam Bahasa Inggris
yaitu Philosophy, sedangkan dalam bahasa Yunani Philein atau Philos dan sofein
atau sophi. Adapula yang mengatakan bahwa filsafat berasal dari bahsa Arab,
yaitu Falsafah, yang artinya al-hikmah. Philos artinya cinta, sedangkan Sophia,
artinya kebijaksanaan. Dengan demikian, filsafat dapat diartikan kebijaksanaan
atau al-hikamah. Orang yang mencintai atau encari kebijaksanaan atau kebenaran
disebut dengan filsuf. Mencari kebenaran dengan pendekatan Filosofis yang
radikal dan kontemplatif, yaitu mencari kebenaran hingga ke akar-akarnya yang
dilakukan secara mendalam. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut
beberapa definisi mengenai Filsafat :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
adalah proses pencarian kebenaran dengan cara menelusuri hakikat dan sumber
kebenaran secara sistematis, logis, kritis, rasional dan spekulatif. Alat yang
digunakan untuk mencari kebenaran adalah akal yang merupakan sumber utama dalam
berfikir. Dengan demikian, kebenaran filosofis adalah kebenaran berfikir yang
rasional, logis, sistematis, kritis, radikal, dan universal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
adalah pengetahuan tentang cara berfikir terhadap segala sesuatu atau sarwa
sekalian alam. Artinya, materi pembicaraan filsafat adalah segala hal yang menyangkut
keseluruhan yang bersifat universal. Dengan demikian, pencarian kebenaran
filosofis tidak pernah berujung dengan kepuasan dan tidak mengenal pemutlakan
kebanaran. Bahkan untuk suatu yang sudah dianggap benar pun, kebenarannya masih
diragukan. Dikatakan tidak mengenal kata puas karena kebenaran akan mengikuti
situasi dan kondisi alam pikiran manusia yang hasu dengan pengetahuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
adalah pengembaraan alam piker manusia yang tidak mengenal kenyang dengan ilmu
pengahuan dan kebenaran yang hakiki</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
adalah pencarian kebenaran dengan cara berfikir sistematis yang dilakukan
secara teratur mengikuti Sistem yang berlaku sehingga tahapan-tahapannya mudah
diikuti. Berfikir sistematis senantiasa mengikuti aturan logika yang benar
normatif, artinya cara berfikir yang mengikuti premis-premis tertentu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
formal dari filsafat adalah suatu proses kritik atau pemikiran terhadap
kepercayaan dan sikap dijunjung tinggi. Suatu sikap falsafi yang benar adalah
sikap yang kritis dan mencari kebenaran tanpa batas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
adalah seni kritik dengan tidak membatasi diri pada destruksi pemikiran tentang
kebenaran, Franz Magnis Suseno menegaskan bahwa kritis dalam filsafat adalah
kritis dalam arti bahwa filsafat tidak pernah merasa puas diri, artinya tidak
pernah menganggap sesuatu telah selesai. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
adalah pengetahuan metodis, sistematis, dan koheren tentang seluruh kenyataan
(realitas). Filsafat merupakan refleksi rasional atas keseluruhan realitas
untuk mencapai haikat (kebenaran) dan memperoleh hikmat (kebijaksanaan) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Kindi
(801-873 M) menyebutkan bahwa filsafat adalah kegiatan manusia tingkat
tertinggi yang merupkan pengetahuan yang benar mengenai hakikat segala yang ada
bagi manusia. Bagian filsafat yang paling mulia adalah pengetahuan kebenaran
pertama yang merupakan sebab dari segala kebenaran. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
adalah pencarian kebenran tanpa mengenal batas dengan menggunakan rasio secara
sistematis dan radikal yang diawali keraguan atas segala sesuatu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Objek
material filsafat adalah segala sesuatu yang ada dan yang mungkin ada yang
dipikirkan secara kontemplatif pada problematika yang tidak dapat dijangkau
oleh pendekatan empiris dan observatif yang biasa berada dalam sains. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segala Sesuatu yang ada adalah yang keberadaannya pasti, artinya
ada dengan sendirinya dan keberadaannya tidak disebabkan oleh kemungkinan lain
yang disebut wajib ada. Ada yang wajib ada, keberadaannya tidak disebabkan oleh
keberadaan lain. Adapun yang mungkin ada, keberadaannya bergantung pada
berbagai kemungkinan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada dasarnya realitas terdiri atas dua hal yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenyataan
yang disepakati (agreement<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reality),
yaitu segala sesuatu yang dianggap nyata karena itu kita mengatakan sebagai
kenyataan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenyataan
yang didasarkan pada pengalaman (experimental reality), yaitu pengalaman
manusia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasakan dua realita tersebut, pengetahuan dibagi menjadi 2
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan
yangdiperoleh melalui persetujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan
yang diperoleh melalui pengetahuan langsung atau observasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
Filsafat dalam kehidupan adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar
dalam bertindak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar
dalam mengambil keputusan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengurangi
salah paham dan konflik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersiap
siaga menghadapi situasi dunia yang selalu berubah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendalami
konsep yang sudah baku dengan melihat substansinya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merumuskan
teori atau kerangka pemikiran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membangun
paham-paham yang mengideologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membangun
sikap saling menghargai pendapat satu sama lain dan tidak truth claim</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengembangkan
pemahaman berbagai persoalan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan
filsafat dengan Ilmu adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu
tertentu menyelidiki bidang-bidang yang terbatas sedangkan filsafat mencoba
melayani seluruh manusia dan lebih bersifat inklusif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu
lebih analitik dan desskriptif, sedangkan filsafat lebih sintetik dan sinoptik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu
menganalisis seluruh unsur yang menjadi bagian-bagiannya sedangkan filsafat
berusaha untuk mengembangkan benda-benda dalam sintesis yang interpretative</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu
berusaha untuk menghilangkan faktor-faktor pribadi sedangkan filsafat lebih
mementingkan personalitas, nilai-nilai dan pengalaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu
lebih menekankan kebenaran logis dan obyektif sedangkan filsafat bersifat
radikal dan subjektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Filsafat Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
pendidikan adalah pengetahuan yang menyelidiki substansi pelaksanaan pendidikan
yang berkaitan dengan tujuan, latar belakang, hasil dan hakikat ilmu pendidikan
yang berhubungan dengan analisis kritis terhadap struktur dan kegunaannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
pendidikan adalah pengetahuan yang memikirkan hakikat pendidikan secara komprehensif
dan kontemplatif tentang sumber, seluk beluk pendidikan, fungsi dan tujuan
pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
pendidikan adalah pengetahuan yang mengkaji proses pendidikan dan teori-teori
pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
pendidikan mengkaji hakikat guru dan anak didik dalam proses pembelajaran
dikelas dan diluar kelas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
pendidikan mengkaji strategi pembelajaran Alternatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ruang
Lingkup Filsafat Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para pendidik adalah guru orang tua,
tokoh masyarakat dan siapa saja yang memfungsikan dirinya untuk mendidik. Siapa
saja dapat menjadi pendidik dan melakukan upaya untuk mendidik secara formal
maupun nonformal. Para pendidik haruslah orang yang patut diteladani. Orang
yang membina, mengarahkan dan menuntun dan mengembangkan minat serta bakat anak
didik, agar tujuan pendidikan tercapai dengan baik. Para pendidik adalah subjek
yang melaksanakan pendidikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Murid
atau Anak didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak didik secara filosofis merupakan
objek para pendidik Dalam melakukan tindakan yang bersifat mendidik. Dikaji
dari beberapa segi, seperti usia, kondisi ekonomi, minat dan bakat, serta
tingkat intelegensinya. Anak didik merupakan subjek pendidikan, yaitu yaitu
orang yang menjalankan dan mengamalkan materi pendidikan yang diberikan oleh
pendidik. Agar pendidikan dapat berhasil dengan sebaik-baiknya, jalan
pendidikan yang ditempuh harus sesuai dengan perkembangan anak didik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Materi
Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Materi pendidikan yaitu bahan-bahan atau pengalaman-pengalaman
belajar yang disusun sedemikian rupa (dengan susunannya yang lazim dan logis)
untuk disajikan atau disampaikan kepada anak didik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbuatan
mendidik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbuatan mendidik adalah seluruh kegiatan, tindakan, perbuatan,
dan sikap yang dilakukan oleh pendidikan sewaktu menghadapi atau mengasuh anak
didiknya yang disebut dengan tahzib. Mendidik artinya meningkatkan pemahaman
anak didik tentang kehidupan, mendalami pemahaman terhadap ilmu pengetahuan dan
manfaatnya untuk diterapkan dalam kehidupan nyata dan sebagai pandangan hidup. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi
dan tujuan pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi yaitu siste penilaian yang diterapkan kepada anak
didik, untuk mengetahui keberhasilan pendidikan yang dilaksanakan. Evaluasi
sangat bergantung pada tujuan pendidikan. Jika tujuannya membentuk siswa yang
kreatif, cerdas, beriman, dan takwa, Sistem evaluasi yang dioperasionalkan
harus mengarah pada tujuan yang dimaksudkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat-alat
Pendidikan dan Lingkungan Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan lingkungan pendidikan merupakan fasilitas yang
digunakan untuk mendukung terlaksananya pendidikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan dipelajari
filsafat pendidikan, yaitu menciptakan manusia yang beriman dan bertakwa.
Adapun kegunaan filsafat pendidikan yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambah
wawasan keilmuan yang berkaitan eksistensi Tuhan dan seluruh ciptaan-Nya kepada
anak didik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menguatkan
iman dan memperkaya pandangan anak didik tentang ajaran-ajaran agama yang
menjadi sumber kehidupan manusia dan sumber pengetahuan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperluas
penafsiran dan memperdalam pemaknaan berbagai hal yang menyangkut ilmu
pengetahuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meyakinkan
anak didik bahwa norma-norma kependidikan ditujukan untuk kemaslahatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan
ketarampilan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hidup yang fungsional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencerdaskan
anak didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membentuk
akhlak yang mulia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membentuk
manusia yang memiliki kepedulian sosial, menegakan amar ma’ruf nahi munkar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengembangkan
lembaga pendiikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengkaji
dan merumuskan teori yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengkaji
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorongan
Sejarah Filsafat Yunani terhadap Filsafat Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah
perkembangan filsafat pada umumnya dimulai dimulai dari mitologi yang
berkembang di masyarakat Yunani Kuno. Sebelum filsafat berdiri dengan jati
dirinya yang asli sebagai filsafat, mitos merupakan filsafat itu sendiri yang
menurut penciptanya sama sekali bukan mitps melainkan cara berfikir empiris,
logis, dan realistis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah
satu bangsa yang cerdas dalam menyampaikan pesan-pesan filosofis melalui
berbagai mitos adalah Yunani Kuno. Mitos diungkapkan melalui berbagai
pendekatan, misalnya puisi, cerita rakyat, sastra, karya pahatan,
bangunan-bangunan bersejarah yang melegenda. Mitos adalah pencerahan masyarakat
yang hidup pada masa lalu dalam menemukan jawaban-jawaban atas masalah yang
disebabkan oleh situasi dan kondisi alam. Kemarahan alam dengan berbagai
peristiwa yang membingungkan masyarakat, seperti gunung meletus, bencana
banjir, dan sebagainya yang menewaskan ribuan manusia. Karena belum tersentuh
oleh pengetahuan dan penemuan ilmiah hanya dapat di jawab oleh Sistem berfikir
masyarakat yang kemudian disebut dengan mitos. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yunani
memiliki kesusastraan yang sangat tinggi mulai personifikasi dan legenda,
dongeng-dongeng, dan teka teki kehidupan. Karya puitis Homerus yang berjudul
Illias da Oddeysea menduduki tempat yang istimewa dalam kesusastraan Yunani dan
dapat disebut sebagai kesusastraan didunia. Peranan kesusastraan yang dibuat
Homerus bahkan dapat diibaratkan seperti wayang dipulau Jawa yang mempunyai
pengaruh luar biasa dalam pendidikan masyarakat. Sampai sekarang, cerita-cerita
yang dikembangkan dalam dongeng-dongeng tersebut masih memengaruhi seni dan
peradaban yang diidamkan oleh sebuah negeri besar dan maju, seperti Jerman
dengan konsep Nazi-nya dan Amerika Serikat dengan ambisi sebagai polisi
dunianya. Secara tidak disadari, keinginan dua negeri ini, didasari oleh sebuah
impian Homerus yang menginginkan Negara kota (polis) untuk dipimpin oleh sebuah
garda beradab. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cecep
Sumarna menjelaskan, secara geografis, Yunani berdekatan dengan daerah Timur
Kuno (Cina) dan babylonia (Mesir). Didaerah-daerah tersebut, ilmu pengetahuan
sudah berkembang meskipun masih terbatas diwilayah tempat pusat perkembangan
peradaban daerah tersebut. Persentuhan ilmu yang diadopsi dari Timur Kuno dan
Mesir yang sudah kaya dan maju dengan ilmu pengetahuan, kemudian memengaruhi
wacana mite-mite yang berkembang di Yunani. Dengan demikian, melalui filsuf
Yunani terjadi pergeseran-pergeseran dan ilmu tidak lagi hanya milik sebuah
komunitas, tetapi ia dapat diakses dan dikembangkan oleh siapapun yang
menghendakinya. Bertens menyebut aspek mite jauh lebih penting dan lebih besar
pengaruhnya atas lahirnya sejumlah filsuf dan karya filosofis di Yunani
dibandingkan dengan dua faktor lainnya. Bahkan bisa jadi semakin banyak mite
dalam suatu Negara atau suatu komunitas masyarakat, semakin besar pula
kecenderungan suatu Negara atau kemunitas masyarakat tersebut melahirkan
sejumlah filsuf dan karya filosofis. Legenda atau mitos diperlukan untuk
menunjang Sistem nilai hidup manusia. Mite dapat member kejelasan tentang
eksistensi manusia dalam hubungannya dengan alam sekitar. Bahkan, mite dapat
member kejelasan tentang bentuk hubungan yang baik antara sessama manusia, dan
hubungan antara manusia dengan wujud yang maha tinggi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ontologi, Epistemologi, dan Aksiologi Pendidikan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ontologi
Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbicara
masalah ontology tidak terlepas dari filsafat karena filsafat diperlukan untuk
menjelaskan dasar ontologis dari ilmu, termasuk dalam kajian pendidikan. Aspek
realitas yang dijangkau teori pendidikan melalui pengalaman pancaindra adalah
dunia pengalaman manusia secara empiris. Adapun objek materil dilsafat
pendidikan adalah manusia seutuhnya. Manusia yang lengkap aspek-aspek
kepribadiannya, yaitu manusia yang berakhlak mulia dalam situasi pendidikan
diharapkan melampaui manusia sebagai makhluk sosial mengingat sebagai warga
masyarakat, ia mempunyai cirri warga yang baik (good citizenship) atau
kewarganegaraan yang sebaik-baiknya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
pendidikan merupakan bidang filsafat terapan, bermula dari bidang tradisioanal
filsafat, untuk menjawab pertanyaan mengenai kebijakan pendidikan, perkembangan
manusia dan teori kurikulum. Dengan kata lain, filsafat pendidikan adalah studi
filosofis tentang tujuan, proses, alam, cita-cita pendidikan. Filsafat
pendidikan mencakup hal berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempelajari
definisi mengasuh dan mendidik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendalami
dan mempelajari mengaplikasikan nilai-nilai dan norma-norma lalu diterapkan
melalui Sistem pendidikan dan praktik pendidikan itu sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mepelajari
batas-batas dan legitimasi pendidikan sebagai disiplin akademis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempelajari
hubungan antara teori dan praktik pendidikan pada umumnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan
ontology atau metafisik menekankan pada hakikat keberadaan, dalam hal ini
keberadaan pendidikan itu sendiri. Keberadaan pendidikan tidak terlepas dari
keberadaan manusia. Oleh sebab itu, hakikat pendidikan berkenaan dengan hakikat
manusia. Dalam pendekatan ini keberadaan peserta didik dan pendidik tidak
terlepas dari makna keberadaan manusia itu sendiri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tilaar
menjelaskan berbagai pendekatan mengenai hakikat pendidikan dapat digolongkan
atas dua kelopok besar yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan
Reduksionisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan
Holistik Integratif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
pemahaman tersebut, sudah tentu hakikat pendidikan atau ontology pendidikan
berakar dari kebutuhan manusia terhadap proses pelatihan kemandirian berfikir,
mandiri mengambil keputusan, mandiri dalam bekerja untuk mempertahankan kehidupannya,
mandiri dalam mengamankan kehormatan dan harga dirinya, dan manusia yang
mengerti tujuan hidup hari ini, besok dan yang akan datang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Epistemologi
Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Epistemology
adalah kata lain filsafat ilmu berasal dari bahasa latin episteme, berarti
knowledge yaitu pengetahuan dan logos berarti Theory. Jadi, epistemology
berarti “teori pengetahuan” atau teori tentang metode, cara, dan dasar dari
ilmu pengetahuan atau studi tentang hakikat tertinggi kebenaran dan batasan
ilmu manusia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Epistemology
adalah analisis filosofis terhadap sumber-sumber pengetahuan. Dari mana dan bagaimana
pengetahuan diperoleh, menjadi kajian epistemology, sebagai contoh bahwa semua
pengetahuan berasal dari Tuhan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkaitan
dengan pemikiran diatas, terdapat empat jenis kebenaran yang secara umum telah
dikenal oleh orang banyak yaitu : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebenaran
religious</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu kebenaran yang memenuhi criteria
atau dibangun berdasarkan kaidah-kaidah agama atau keyakinan tertentu, yang
disebut juga dengan kebenaran absolute atau kebenaran mutlak yang tidak
terbantahkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebenaran
filosofis </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu kebenaran hasil perenungan dan
pemikiran kontemplatif terhadap hakikat sesuatu, meskipun pemikiran intelektual
tersebut bersifat subjektif dan relative tetapi kontemplatif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebenaran
Estetis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu kebenaran yang berdasarkan
penilaian indah atau buruk, serta cita-cita rasa estetis. Artinya, keindahan
yang berdasarkan harmoni dalam pengertian luas yang menimbulkan rasa senang,
tenang dan nyaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebenaran
ilmiah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu kebenaran yang ditandai oleh terpenuhinya syarat-syarat
ilmiah, terutama menyangkut adanya teori yang menunjang dan sesuai dengan
bukti. Kebenaran ilmiah ditunjang oleh rasio dan kebenaran rasional berdasarkan
teori yang menunjangnya. Kebenaran ilmiah di validasi oleh bukti-bukti empiris yaitu
hasil pengukuran objektif di lapangan. Sifat objektif berlaku umum, dapat diulang
melalui eksperimentasi, cenderung amoral sesuai dengan apa adanya, bukan apa
yang seharusnya yang merupakan cirri ilmu pengetahuan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aksiologi
Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aksiologi
pendidikan berkaitan dengan masalah ilmu dan pengetahuan (kognitio), maksudnya
adalah memikirkan segala hakikat pengetahuan atau hekikat keberadaan segala
sesuatu yang bersifat fisikal dan metafisikal, baik yang umum maupun yang
khusus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aksiologi
pendidikan juga berkaitan dengan aliran-aliran pendidikan yang terus
berkembang. Diantara aliran-aliran pendidikan tersebut adalah sebagai berrikut
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Positivisme
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Renaisans</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Humanism
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Pendidikan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langeveld</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan ialah setiap usaha,
pengaruh, perlindungan, dan bantuan yang diberikan kepada anak tertuju kepada
pendewasaan anak itu, atau lebih tepat membantu anak agar cukup cakap
melaksanakan tugas hidupnya sendiri. Pengaruh itu datangnya dari orang dewasa
dan ditujukan kepada orang yang belum dewasa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">John
Dewey</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan adalah proses pembentukan
kecakapan-kecakapan fundamental secara intelektual dan emosional kearah alam
dan sesama manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">J.J
Rousseau</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan adalah member kita perbekalan yang tidak ada pada
masa kanak-kanak, akan tetapi kita membutuhkannya pada waktu dewasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Driyarkara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan ialah pemanusiaan manusia muda atau pengangkatan
manusia muda ke taraf insani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carter
V. Good </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Education :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pedagogy
is the art, practice, or profession of teaching </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
Sistematized learning or instruction concerning principles and methods of
teaching and of student control and guidance; largely replaced by the term
education</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan
ialah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seni,
praktik, atau profesi sebagai pengajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu
yang sistematis atau pengajaran yang berhubungan dengan prinsip dan
metode-metode mengajar, pengawasan dan bimbingan murid dalam arti luas
digantikan dengan istilah pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahmad
D. Marimba</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan ialah bimbingan atau pimpinan secara sadar oleh
sipendidik terhadap perkembangan jasmani dan rohani si terdidik menuju
terbentuknya kepribadian yang utama. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam pendidikan ialah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usaha
(kegiatan), usaha itu berdifat bimbingan dan dilakukan secara sadar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
pendidik, pembimbing atau penolong</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
yang di didik atau si terdidik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bimbingan
itu mempunyai dasar dan tujuan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
usaha itu tentu ada alat-alat yang dipergunakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ki
Hajar Dewantara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidik yaitu tutunan di dalam hidup tumbuhnya anak-anak,
adapun maksudnya pendidikan yaitu menuntun segala kekuatan kodrat yang ada pada
anak-anak itu, agar anak-anak mereka sebagai manusia dan sebagai anggota
masyarakat dapatlah mencapai keselamatan dan kebahagiaan yang
setinggi-tingginya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
UU Nomor 2 Tahun 1989</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan adalah usaha sadar untuk menyiapkan peserta didik
melalui kegiatan bimbingan, pengajaran, dan atau latihan bagi bagi peranannya
dimasa yang akan datang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
UU Nomor 20 Th 2003</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan adalah usaha sadar dan terencana untuk mewujudkan
suasana belajar dan proses pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif
mengembangkan potensi dirinya untuk memiliki kekuatan spiritual kagamaan,
pengendalian diri, kepribadian, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan
yang diperlukan dirinya, masyarakat, bangsa, dan Negara. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-Faktor
Pendidikan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
tujuan yang hendak dicapai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
subjek manusia yang melakukan pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang
hidup bersama dalam lingkungan tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang
menggunakan alat-alat tertentu untuk mencapai tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi Dan Peran Lembaga Pendidikan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lembaga
Pendidikan Keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran dan Fungsi Lembaga
Pendidikan Keluarga :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengalaman
Pertama Masa Kanak-kanak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjamin
kehidupan emosional anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambahkan
dasar pendidikan moral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan
dasar pendidikan sosial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peletakan
dasar-dasar keagamaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lembaga
Pendidikan Sekolah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranan
sekolah dengan melalui kurikulum antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak
didik belajar bergaul sesama anak didik, antara guru dengan anak didik, dan
antara anak didik dengan orang yang bukan guru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak
didik belajar menaati peraturan-peraturan sekolah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi
sekolah menurut suwarno :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengembangkan
kecerdasan dan memberikan pengetahuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesialisasi
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efisiensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sosialisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konservasi
dan transmisi cultural</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transisi
dari rumah ke masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lembaga
Pendidikan di Masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakat
berperan serta dalam mendirikan dan membiayai sekolah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakat
berperan dalam mengawasi pedidikan agar sekolah tetap membantu dan mendukung
cita-cita dan kebutuhan masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakatlah
yang ikut menyediakan tempat pendidikan seperti gedung-gedung museum,
perpustakaan, panggung-panggung kesenian, kebun binatang dan sebagainya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakatlah
yang menyediakan berbagai sumber untuk sekolah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakatlah
sebagai sumber pelajaran atau labolatorium tempat belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Pendidikan Nasional</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pengertiaan umum,
yang dimaksud dengan Sistem adalah jumlah, keseluruhan dari bagian-bagiannya
yang saling bekerja sama untuk mencapai hasil yang diharapkan berdasarkan
kebutuhan yang telah ditentukan. Komponen atau faktor-faktor Sistem pendidikan
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan tersebut juga cita-cita pendidikan yang berfungsi untuk
memberikan arah terhadap semua kegiatan dalam proses pendidikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peserta
Didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsinya adalah sebagai objek yang sekaligus sebagai subjek
pendidikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berfungsi sebagai pembimbing, pengaruh, untuk menumbuhkan
aktifitas peserta didik sekaligus sebagai pemegang tanggung jawab terhadap
pelaksanaan pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segala sesuatu yang dapat digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan
pendidikan yang berfungsi untuk mempermudah atau mempercepat tercapainya tujuan
pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan sekitar yang dengan sengaja digunakan sebagai alat
dalam proses pendidikan. Lingkungan berfungsi sebagai wadah atau lapangan
terjadinya proses pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Pendidikan Nasional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem pendidikan Nasional
adalah satu keseluruhan yang terpadu dari semua satuan dan aktivitas pendidikan
yang berkaitan satu dengan lainnya untuk mengusahakan tercapainya tujuan
pendidikan nasional. Sistem pendidikan nasional tersebut merupakan suprasistem
yaitu suatu Sistem yang besar dan kompleks yang didalamnya tercakup beberapa
bagian yang juga merupakan Sistem-sistem. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal 31 ayat 2 UUD 1945
mengamanatkan kepada pemerintah Republik Indonesia untuk mengusahakan dan
menyelenggarakan satu system pengajaran nasional yang diatur dengan
undang-undang. Hal tersebut berarti bahwa system pendidikan nasional dalam
rangka menyelenggarakan satu system pendidikan nasional yang dimaksudkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam sejarahnya,
pendidikan di Indonesia pernah memiliki undang-undang yang mengatur tentang
pendidikan secara nasional seperti :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU
No. 4 Th 1950 tentang Dasar-dasar pendidikan dan pengajaran disekolah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU
No. 12 Th 1954 tentang pernyataan berlakunya UU No. 12 Th 1950 dari republik
Indonesia dahulu tentang dasar-dasar pendidikan dan pengajaran disekolah untuk
seluruh pengajaran di Indonesia </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU
No. 22 Th 1961 tentang perguruan tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU
No. 14 PRPS Th 1965 tentang majelis pendidikan Nasional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU
No. 19 PNPS Th 1965 tentang pokok-pokok Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Pancasila</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan
Nasional yang di tetapkan dalam UU No. 2 Th 1989 ini mengungkapkan
prinsip-prinsipnya sebagai satu system yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang
berakar pada kebudayaan nasional dan berdasarkan Pancasila dan UUD 1945, serta
melanjutkan dan meningkatkan pendidikan P4</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
satu keseluruhan dan dikembangkan untuk ikut berusaha mencapai tujuan nasional
yaitu memajukan kesejahteraan umum dan mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa demi
terwujudnya masyarakat yang adil dan makmur berdasarkan pancasila</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencakup
jalur pendidikan sekolah maupun pendidikan luar sekolah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur
bahwa jalur pendidikan sekolah terdiri atas tiga jenjang utama yaitu pendidikan
dasar, pendidikan menengah dan perguruan tinggi yang masing-masing pula terbagi
dalam jenjang atau tingkatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur
bahwa kurikulum peserta didik dan tenaga kependidikan, terutama guru, dosen,
atau tenaga pengajar merupakan tiga unsure yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam
kegiatan belajar mengajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur
secara terpusat (sentralisasi) namun penyelenggaraan satuan dan kegiatan
pendidikan dilaksanakan secara tidak terpusat (desentralisasi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyelenggarakan
satuan dan kegiatan pendidikan sebagai tanggung jawab bersama antara keluarga,
masyarakat, dan pemerintah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur
bahwa satuan dan kegiatan pendidikan yang diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah dan
masyarakat berkedudukan serta diperlakukan dengan penggunaan ukuran yang sama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur
bahwa satuan dan aktivitas pendidikan yang diselenggarakan masyarakat memiliki
kebebasan untuk menyelenggarakannya sesuai dengan cirri atau kekhususannya
masing-masing sepanjang cirri itu tidak bertentangan dengan pancasila sebagai
dasar Negara pandangan hidup bangsa dan ideologi bangsa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memudahkan
peserta didik memperoleh pendidikan yang sesuai dengan bakat, minat, dan tujuan
yang hendak dicapai serta memudahkannya menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan
lingkungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan deskripsi tujuan pendidikan Nasional tersebut, kita
dapat melihat beberapa kualifikasi manusia Indonesia seutuhnya yang memiliki
cirri-ciri sebagai berikut : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beriman
dan bertakwa terhadap tuha yang Maha Esa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbudi
pekerti luhur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki
pengetahuan dan keterampilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki
kesehatan jasmani dan rohani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki
kepribadian yang mantap dan mandiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki
rasa tanggung jawab kemasyarakatan dan kebangsaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar
dan Tujuan Sistem Pendidikan Nasional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi pendidikan Nasional
sebagaimana ditegaskan pada pasal 3 yaitu untuk mengembangkan kemampuan serta
meningkatkan mutu kehidupan dan martabat Indonesia dalam rangka upaya
mewujudkan tujuan nasional. Tujuan nasional Indonesia jelas termaktub dalam
Alinea IV pembukaan UUD 1945, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melindungi
segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memajukan
kesejahteraan umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencerdaskan
kehidupan bangsa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikut
melaksanakan ketertiban dunia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencapai
masyarakat yang adil dan makmur </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demokrasi Pendidikan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
dan Pentingnya Demokrasi Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
KBBI demokrasi diartikan sebagai gagasan atau pandangan hidup yang mengutamakan
persamaan hak dan kewajiban serta perlakuan yang sama bagi semua warga Negara </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demokrasi
Pendidikan merupakan pandangan hidup yang mengutarakan persamaan hak dan
kewajiban serta perlakuan yang sama didalam berlansungnya proses pendidikan
antara pendidik dan anak didik serta juga dengan pengelola pendidikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
Demokrasi Pendidikan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa
hormat terhadap harkat sesama manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
manusia memiliki perubahan kearah pikiran yang sehat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rela
berbakti untuk kepentingan dan kesejahteraan bersama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-Prinsip
Demokrasi dalam Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menunjang
tinggi harkat dan martabat manusia sesuai dengan nilai-nilai luhurnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wajib
menghormati dan melindungi hak asasi manusia yang bermartabat dan berbudi
pekerti luhur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengusahakan
suatu pemenuhan hak warga Negara untuk memperoleh pendidikan dan pengajaran
nasional dengan memanfaatkan kemampuan pribadinya, dalam rangka menembangkan
kreasinya kearah perkembangan dan kemajuan iptek tanpa merugikan pihak lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar-dasar
Demokrasi Pendidikan Menurut Islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam
mewajibkan manusia untuk menuntut ilmu</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 348.3pt;" valign="top" width="464">
<div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt;">طَلَبُ
اْلعِلْمِ فَرِيضَةٌ عَلَى كُلِ مُسْلِمٍ وَمُسْلِمَةٍ</span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" valign="top" width="68">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Artinya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.15pt;" valign="top" width="19">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 10.0cm;" valign="top" width="378">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menuntut ilmu adalah wajib bagi
setiap Muslim laki-laki dan perempuan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
keharusan bertanya kepada ahli ilmu</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 348.3pt;" valign="top" width="464">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">!</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ù</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Æ</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">7</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">6</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Z</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">%</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">`</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Í</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">û</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ó</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ç</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">r</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Í</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">k</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">þ</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">«</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">@</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">d</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ì</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">.</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">e</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">%</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">!</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">O</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">G</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Y</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">.</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">H</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">è</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Í</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ì</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> <span lang="AR-SA"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>43.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" valign="top" width="68">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Artinya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.15pt;" valign="top" width="19">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 10.0cm;" valign="top" width="378">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan kami tidak mengutus sebelum
kamu, kecuali orang-orang lelaki yang kami beri wahyu kepada mereka; Maka
bertanyalah kepada orang yang mempunyai pengetahuan jika kamu tidak
mengetahui,</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
beberapa uraian tersebut jelas sekali bahwa Islam memberikan dasar demokrasi
dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan karena demokrasi pendidikan itu akan
melahirkan kemajuan-kemajuan yang berarti bagi umat manusia. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
dan Ruang Lingkup Filsafat Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Filsafat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata
Filsafat berasal dari bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Yunani. Dalam Bahasa Inggris
yaitu Philosophy, sedangkan dalam bahasa Yunani Philein atau Philos dan sofein
atau sophi. Adapula yang mengatakan bahwa filsafat berasal dari bahsa Arab,
yaitu Falsafah, yang artinya al-hikmah. Philos artinya cinta, sedangkan Sophia,
artinya kebijaksanaan. Dengan demikian, filsafat dapat diartikan kebijaksanaan
atau al-hikamah. Orang yang mencintai atau encari kebijaksanaan atau kebenaran
disebut dengan filsuf. Mencari kebenaran dengan pendekatan Filosofis yang
radikal dan kontemplatif, yaitu mencari kebenaran hingga ke akar-akarnya yang
dilakukan secara mendalam. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
Filsafat dalam kehidupan adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar
dalam bertindak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar
dalam mengambil keputusan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengurangi
salah paham dan konflik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersiap
siaga menghadapi situasi dunia yang selalu berubah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendalami
konsep yang sudah baku dengan melihat substansinya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merumuskan
teori atau kerangka pemikiran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membangun
paham-paham yang mengideologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membangun
sikap saling menghargai pendapat satu sama lain dan tidak truth claim</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengembangkan
pemahaman berbagai persoalan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Filsafat Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
pendidikan adalah pengetahuan yang menyelidiki substansi pelaksanaan pendidikan
yang berkaitan dengan tujuan, latar belakang, hasil dan hakikat ilmu pendidikan
yang berhubungan dengan analisis kritis terhadap struktur dan kegunaannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
pendidikan adalah pengetahuan yang memikirkan hakikat pendidikan secara
komprehensif dan kontemplatif tentang sumber, seluk beluk pendidikan, fungsi
dan tujuan pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
pendidikan adalah pengetahuan yang mengkaji proses pendidikan dan teori-teori
pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
pendidikan mengkaji hakikat guru dan anak didik dalam proses pembelajaran
dikelas dan diluar kelas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filsafat
pendidikan mengkaji strategi pembelajaran Alternatif </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-Faktor
Pendidikan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
tujuan yang hendak dicapai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
subjek manusia yang melakukan pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang
hidup bersama dalam lingkungan tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang
menggunakan alat-alat tertentu untuk mencapai tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi
Dan Peran Lembaga Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran dan Fungsi Lembaga
Pendidikan Keluarga :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengalaman
Pertama Masa Kanak-kanak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjamin
kehidupan emosional anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambahkan
dasar pendidikan moral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan
dasar pendidikan sosial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peletakan
dasar-dasar keagamaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranan
sekolah dengan melalui kurikulum antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak
didik belajar bergaul sesama anak didik, antara guru dengan anak didik, dan
antara anak didik dengan orang yang bukan guru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak
didik belajar menaati peraturan-peraturan sekolah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi
sekolah menurut suwarno :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengembangkan
kecerdasan dan memberikan pengetahuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesialisasi
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efisiensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sosialisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konservasi
dan transmisi cultural</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transisi
dari rumah ke masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lembaga
Pendidikan di Masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakat
berperan serta dalam mendirikan dan membiayai sekolah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakat
berperan dalam mengawasi pedidikan agar sekolah tetap membantu dan mendukung
cita-cita dan kebutuhan masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakatlah
yang ikut menyediakan tempat pendidikan seperti gedung-gedung museum,
perpustakaan, panggung-panggung kesenian, kebun binatang dan sebagainya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakatlah
yang menyediakan berbagai sumber untuk sekolah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masyarakatlah
sebagai sumber pelajaran atau labolatorium tempat belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Pendidikan Nasional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo50; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pengertiaan umum, yang dimaksud dengan Sistem adalah
jumlah, keseluruhan dari bagian-bagiannya yang saling bekerja sama untuk
mencapai hasil yang diharapkan berdasarkan kebutuhan yang telah ditentukan.
Komponen atau faktor-faktor Sistem pendidikan :</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peserta
Didik</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
Pendidikan</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo50; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Pendidikan Nasional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem pendidikan Nasional adalah satu keseluruhan yang terpadu
dari semua satuan dan aktivitas pendidikan yang berkaitan satu dengan lainnya
untuk mengusahakan tercapainya tujuan pendidikan nasional. Sistem pendidikan
nasional tersebut merupakan suprasistem yaitu suatu Sistem yang besar dan
kompleks yang didalamnya tercakup beberapa bagian yang juga merupakan
Sistem-sistem. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo50; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasal 31 ayat 2 UUD 1945 mengamanatkan kepada pemerintah
Republik Indonesia untuk mengusahakan dan menyelenggarakan satu system
pengajaran nasional yang diatur dengan undang-undang. Hal tersebut berarti
bahwa system pendidikan nasional dalam rangka menyelenggarakan satu system
pendidikan nasional yang dimaksudkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam sejarahnya, pendidikan di Indonesia pernah memiliki
undang-undang yang mengatur tentang pendidikan secara nasional seperti :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo52; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU
No. 4 Th 1950 tentang Dasar-dasar pendidikan dan pengajaran disekolah</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU
No. 12 Th 1954 tentang pernyataan berlakunya UU No. 12 Th 1950 dari republik
Indonesia dahulu tentang dasar-dasar pendidikan dan pengajaran disekolah untuk
seluruh pengajaran di Indonesia </span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU
No. 22 Th 1961 tentang perguruan tinggi</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU
No. 14 PRPS Th 1965 tentang majelis pendidikan Nasional</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UU
No. 19 PNPS Th 1965 tentang pokok-pokok Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Pancasila</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demokrasi
Pendidikan </span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
dan Pentingnya Demokrasi Pendidikan</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut KBBI demokrasi diartikan sebagai gagasan atau pandangan
hidup yang mengutamakan persamaan hak dan kewajiban serta perlakuan yang sama
bagi semua warga Negara </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demokrasi Pendidikan merupakan pandangan hidup yang mengutarakan
persamaan hak dan kewajiban serta perlakuan yang sama didalam berlansungnya
proses pendidikan antara pendidik dan anak didik serta juga dengan pengelola
pendidikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
Demokrasi Pendidikan :</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa
hormat terhadap harkat sesama manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo54; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
manusia memiliki perubahan kearah pikiran yang sehat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo54; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rela
berbakti untuk kepentingan dan kesejahteraan bersama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-Prinsip
Demokrasi dalam Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo55; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menunjang
tinggi harkat dan martabat manusia sesuai dengan nilai-nilai luhurnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo55; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wajib
menghormati dan melindungi hak asasi manusia yang bermartabat dan berbudi
pekerti luhur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo55; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengusahakan
suatu pemenuhan hak warga Negara untuk memperoleh pendidikan dan pengajaran
nasional dengan memanfaatkan kemampuan pribadinya, dalam rangka menembangkan
kreasinya kearah perkembangan dan kemajuan iptek tanpa merugikan pihak lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar-dasar
Demokrasi Pendidikan Menurut Islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo56; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam
mewajibkan manusia untuk menuntut ilmu</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 348.3pt;" valign="top" width="464">
<div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;">طَلَبُ
اْلعِلْمِ فَرِيضَةٌ عَلَى كُلِ مُسْلِمٍ وَمُسْلِمَةٍ</span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" valign="top" width="68">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Artinya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.15pt;" valign="top" width="19">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 10.0cm;" valign="top" width="378">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menuntut ilmu adalah wajib bagi
setiap Muslim laki-laki dan perempuan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
keharusan bertanya kepada ahli ilmu</span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 348.3pt;" valign="top" width="464">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">!</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ù</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Æ</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">7</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">6</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Z</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">%</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">`</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Í</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">û</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ó</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ç</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">r</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Í</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">k</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">þ</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">«</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">@</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">d</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ì</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">.</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">e</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">%</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">!</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">O</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">G</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Y</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">.</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">H</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">></span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">è</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Í</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ì</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span> <span lang="AR-SA"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>43.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.65pt;" valign="top" width="68">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Artinya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.15pt;" valign="top" width="19">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 10.0cm;" valign="top" width="378">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan kami tidak mengutus sebelum
kamu, kecuali orang-orang lelaki yang kami beri wahyu kepada mereka; Maka
bertanyalah kepada orang yang mempunyai pengetahuan jika kamu tidak
mengetahui,</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
beberapa uraian tersebut jelas sekali bahwa Islam memberikan dasar demokrasi
dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan karena demokrasi pendidikan itu akan
melahirkan kemajuan-kemajuan yang berarti bagi umat manusia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diharapkan dengan tersusunnya makalah
ini dapat dijadikan suatu pedoman dalam menambah wawasan dan diterapkan dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari, sehingga bisa berguna bagi diri pribadi dan masyarakat,
bukan hanya teori tetapi harus diaplikasikan dalam kehidupan terutama pada
proses pengajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Idris, Zahara. (1991) <i>Dasar-dasar
Kependidikan</i>. Padang : Angkasa Raya.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mulyasa, E. (2003) <i>Kurikulum
Berbasis Kompetensi : Konsep, Karakteristik, dan Implementasi</i>. Bandung :
Remaja Rosdakarya. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rachman, Arief. (2007) <i>Home-Schooling:
Rumah Kelasku, Dunia Sekolahku</i>. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Redja Mudyahardjo. (2001) <i>Pengantar
Pendidikan : Sebuah Studi Awal tentang Dasar-dasar Pendidikan pada Umumnya dan
Pendidikan di Indonesia</i>. Jakarta : Raja Grafindo Perkasa 3 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sukmadinata, Nana Syaodih. (2003<i>)
Landasan Psikologi Proses Pendidikan</i>. Bandung : Remaja Rosdakarya </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tim MKDK IKIP Surabaya. (1995) <i>Pengantar
Pendidikan : Bagian I</i>. Surabaya : University Press IKIP Surabaya. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">________________________ (1995) <i>Pengantar
Pendidikan : Bagian II </i>Surabaya : University Press IKIP Surabaya. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tirtarahardja, Umar dan La Sulo, S.N.
(2005) <i>Pengantar Pendidikan</i>. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem
Pendidikan Nasional dan UU No. 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen</span></i><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Jakarta:
Visimedia. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Salahudin,
Anas, Drs., M.Pd., <i>Filsafat Pendidikan</i>. Bandung : CV Pustaka Setia</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wens
Tanlain,Dkk., <i>Dasar-dasar Ilmu Pendidikan</i>, Gramedia, Jakarta 1989</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Beni
Ahmad Saebani dan Hendra Achdiyat, <i>Ilmu Pendidika Islam jilid 1</i>. Bandung
: Pustaka Setia</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tedi
Priatna, <i>Reaktualisasi Paradigma Pendidikan Islam,</i>Bandung : Pustaka Bani
Quraisy</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ahmad
D. Marimba, <i>Pengantar Filsafat Pendidikan Islam,</i>Bandung : Al-Ma’arif,
1980</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Atang
Abdul Hakim dan Beni Ahmad Saebani, <i>Filsafat Umum, </i>Bandung : Pustaka
Setia, 2008</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cecep
Sumarna, <i>Filsafat Ilmu, </i>Bandung : Pustaka Bani Quraisy</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Robert
W. Richey, <i>Planing For Teaching an Introduction to Education,</i>Mc. Graw
Hill Book Coy, New York 1968</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Segala puji dan syukur
kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rezeki dan kesehatan
kepada kami sehingga kami mempunyai kesempatan untuk menyelesaikan pembuatan
makalah yang dibuat untuk memenuhi tugas Persentasi Kelompok mata kuliah Dasar-dasar
Pendidikan. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami menyadari dan meyakini bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari
kata sempurna. Masih banyak kekurangan dan kesalahan yang kami sadari atau pun
yang tidak kami sadari. Oleh karena itu kami mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari
makalah ini, agar di masa yang akan datang kami bisa membuat makalah yang lebih
baik lagi. Namun begitu, meskipun makalah ini jauh dari kata sempurna kami
berharap agar makalah ini sedikit banyaknya dapat bermanfaat bagi yang
membacanya.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah
membantu dan mendukung dalam pembuatan makalah ini. Demikian sedikit kata
pengantar dari </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kami</span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atas perhatian para pembaca sekalian kami mengucapkan terima
kasih.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuningan, Maret 2012</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyusun</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></div>
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i<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daftar Isi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> ii</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f;">BAB I<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span></h1>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang Masalah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................ </span>
1</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batasan
Masalah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span>
2</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
yang Ingin dicapai<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span>
2</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
Yang Digunakan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................... </span>
2</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistematika
Penulisan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span>
2</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f;">BAB II <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>PEMBAHASAN</span></h1>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengertian Filsafat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span>
3</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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6</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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7</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...... </span> 9</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ontologi, Epistemologi, dan Aksiologi Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................. </span>10</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Epistemologi Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................... </span>12</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Aksiologi Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span>13</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dasar-dasar Ilmu Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................... </span>13</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengertian Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................... </span>13</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Faktor-faktor Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................... </span>15</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fungsi dan Peran Lembaga Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................... </span>15</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lembaga Pendidikan Keluarga <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................... </span>25</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lembaga Pendidikan Sekolah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................ </span>16</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lembaga Pendidikan di Masyarakat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................. </span>16</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem Pendidikan Nasional<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................... </span>16</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span>16</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem Pendidikan Nasional<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................... </span>17</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................. </span>18</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dasar-dasar dan Tujuan Sistem Pendidikan Nasional<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................ </span>20</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Demokrasi Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................. </span>20</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengertian dan Pentingnya Demokrasi Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................... </span>20</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Prinsip-prinsip demokrasi dalam Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................... </span>21</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dasar-dasar Demokrasi Pendidikan Menurut Islam<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................... </span>21</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 57.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #0d154f;">BAB III<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>PENUTUP</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutup<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................................... </span>22</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d154f; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................................................... </span>iv</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>yulianihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05665580843037726326noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2251383717746990231.post-997491145783268632012-04-05T01:55:00.000-07:002012-04-05T01:55:29.268-07:00makalah Psikologi Pendidikan "Memory dan Lupa"<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://kumpulanmakalahdanartikelpendidikan.blogspot.com/"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Otak merupakan perangkat yang paling kompleks di dunia. Trilyunan sel
otak memiliki fungsi spesifik tetapi saling berhubungan.</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://rocika.blogspot.com/"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mengendalikan seluruh aspek fisik dan psikis manusia. Baik
secara sadar maupun tak sadar</span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Kapasitas penyimpanan memori di dalam otak jauh melebihi kapasitas hardisk
komputer terbesar sekalipun. Otak memiliki kemampuan menangani algoritma rumit
secara bersamaan dalam jumlah tak terbatas, jauh melebihi kemampuan </span><a href="http://www.intel.com/products/processortechnology/index.htm?iid=homepage+proc_tech" target="_blank"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">prosesor komputer</span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> tercanggih sekalipun. Tapi sayangnya
manusia tidak mampu mengoptimalkan seluruh potensi otak tersebut, sehingga otak
tidak memungkinkan semua jejak ingatan itu tersimpan terus dengan sempurna,
melainkan berangsur-angsur akan menghilang. Tetapi ketika orang yang
bersangkutan diminta untuk mengingat kembali hal yang sudah mulai terlupakan
sebagian itu.</span><a href="" name="more"></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Manusia cenderung untuk menyempurnakan
sendiri bagian-bagian yang terlupa tersebut dengan cara mengkreasikan sendiri
detil-detil ceritera itu. Akibatnya, sebuah ceritera tentang suatu peristiwa
yang pernah disaksikan oleh seseorang akan berubah-ubah dari masa ke masa.
Makin lama jarak waktu antara kejadian awal dengan saat berceritera, maka makin
banyak perubahannya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Maka dari itu penulis mengangkat judul “</span>Memori
dan Lupa<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">” agar kita semua mengetahui
segala hal yang berkaitan dengan lupa yang semoga dapat bermanfaat untuk para
pembacanya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Batasan Masalah</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Adapun batasan
Masalah dalam karya tulis ini adalah:</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Apakah Memori <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu?<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Apa saja teori-teori
mengenai Memori belajar?<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Apa saja ragam dalam Memori
belajar?<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Faktor-faktor penyebab Memori
belajar?<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bagaimanakah definisi lupa ?<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Apakah faktor yang
menyebabkan lupa?<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bagaimanakah kiat-kiat
megurangi lupa?<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan Yang Ingin Dicapai</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Adapun Tujuan
penulis dalam penulisan karya tulis ini adalah<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Sebagai salah satu <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">tugas </span>Persentasi Kelompok <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mata Pelajaran </span>Psikologi Pendidikan
semes<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">ter I Prodi PGMI</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Untuk mengetahui pengertian
Memori dan Lupa<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Mengetahui Faktor-faktor
yang menyebabkan Memory dan Lupa<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode Yang Digunakan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode deskriftif dengan teknik study kepustakaan
atau literature, yaitu pengetahuan yang bersumber dari beberapa media tulis
baik berupa buku, litelatur dan media lainnya yang tentu ada kaitannya
masalah-masalah yang di bahas di dalam Karya tulis ini.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MEMORY
DAN LUPA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
Memori </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memori
merupakan simpanan informasi - informasi yang diperoleh dan diserap dari
lingkungan yang kemudian diolah sesuai dengan individu yang bersangkutan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memory juga merupakan suatu proses
biologi, yakni informasi diberi kode dan dipanggil kembali. Pada dasarnya juga
memory adalah sesuatu yang membentuk jati diri manusia dan membedakan manusia
dari mahluk hidup lainnya. Memory memberi manusia kemampuan mengingat masa
lalu, dan perkiraan pada masa depan. Memory merupakan kumpulan reaksi
elektrokimia yang rumit yang diaktifkan melalui beragam saluran indrawi dan
disimpan dalam jaringan syaraf yang sangat rumit dan unik di seluruh bagian
otak. Memory yang sifatnya dinamis ini terus berubah dan berkembang sejalan
dengan bertambahnya informasi yang disimpan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memori
atau mengingat merupakan proses menerima, menyimpan dan mengeluarkan kembali
informasi-informasi yang telah diterima melalui pengamatan, kemudian disimpan
dalam pusat kesadaran (otak) setelah diberikan tafsiran. Dalam otak, terdapat
dua macam tempat penyimpan informasi atau tanggapan yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingatan
Jangka Pendek (Short Term Memori/STM) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ialah temppat menyimpan
informasi yang akan dikeluarkan segera dalam waktu yang labih pendek</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada 2 cara untuk meningkatkan
STM, yaitu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rehearsal : </span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
pengulangan informasi secara sadar sebagai usaha untuk mempertahankan informasi
dalam STM.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Encoding : </span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah proses
dimana informasi sensoris diubah kedalam bentuk yang dapat diingat. Encoding dapat
dilakukan dengan metode <i>chunking, </i>yaitu pengelompokan beberapa huruf
sebagai kata (<i>small chunks</i>), sekelompok kata sebagai frase <i>(larger
chunks</i>) dan serangkaian frase sebagai kalimat (even larger chunks).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Retrieval </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah suatu
proses untuk menemukan memori yang disimpan dan membuatnya menjadi dapat
digunakan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada 2 jenis <i>retrieval</i>, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recognition</span></i></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
mengenali bahwa stimulus tertentu telah disajikan sebelumnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recall : </span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah<b><i> </i></b>mengeluarkan
bagian spesifik dari informasi, biasanya diarahkan dengan menggunakan <i>cues.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selective
attention adalah membatasi perhatian pada stimulus tertentu ketika ada</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> banyak
stimulus yang hadir pada situasi tertentu. Individu lebih memperhatikan
karakteristik fisik dari stimulus, contohnya adalah volume dan ritme suara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingatan
Jangka Panjang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Long Term Memori/LTM) ialah gudang
tempat menyimpan informasi untuk masa yang cukup lama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Memori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
memori atau mengingat terjadi dalam tiga tahapan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan
perolehan Informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan
Penyimpanan Jangka Pendek atau ingatan jangka panjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan
mengeluarkan kembali apabila suatu waktu diperlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-Teori
Memori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori yang
paling banyak yang digunakan oleh para ahli adalah teori tentang tiga proses
memori, seperti berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enconding </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah proses dimana informasi sensoris
diubah kedalam bentuk yang dapat diingat. Enconding dapat dilakukan
dengan metode <i>chunking</i>, yaitu pengelompokan beberapa huruf sebagai kata
(small chunks), sekelompok kata sebagai frase (larger chunks) dan serangkaian
frase sebagai kalimat (even larger chunks). Proses pengubahan informasi dapat
terjadi dengan dua cara, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak Sengaja, yaitu apabila hal-hal yang diterima oleh
indera </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dimasukkan
dengan tidak sengaja ke dalam ingatannya.Contohnya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah seorang
anak yang menginginkan barang yang sangat ia mau,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">apabila tidak
dibelikan, ia akan menangis sekeras</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kerasnya. Kelakuan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tersebut bisa
tersimpan di otak mereka karena dengan menagis sekeras-kerasnya ia akan
dibelikan barang yang ia mau.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sengaja,<b> </b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu bila
individu dengan sengaja memasukkan pengalaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan pengetahun
ke dalam ingatannya. Contohnya adalah seseorang yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sering jalan
kesuatu tempat, ia akan hafal dengan sengaja tempat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Storage </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
penyimpanan apa yang telah diproses dalam enconding tersebut. Proses ini
disebut juga dengan <b><i>rete</i></b></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">si</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yaitu proses
mengendapkan informasi yang diterimanya dalam suatu tempat tertentu. Sistem
penyimpanan ini sangat mempengaruhi jenis memori (sensori memori, memori jangka
pendek, atau memori jangka panjang). Setiap proses belajar akan meninggalkan
jejak-jejak dalam diri seseorang dan jejak ini akan disimpan sementara dalam
ingatannya. Sehubungan dengan masalah retensi dan kelupaan, ada satu hal
penting yang dapat dicata, yaitu interval atau jarak waktu antara memasukkan
dan menimbulkan kembali. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interval dapat dibedakan atas</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lama Interval </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu
menunjukan tentang lamanya waktu antara pemasukan bahan sampai ditimbulkan
kembali bahan itu. Lamanya berkaitan dengan kekuatan retensi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">si Interval </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu
aktivitas-aktivitas yang terdapat pada interval. Aktivetas tersebut akan
merusak atau menganggu jejak ingatan sehingga dapat menyebabkan kelupaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><span lang="IN">Retrieval </span></b><span lang="IN">adalah pemulihan kembali apa yang telah disimpan sebelumnya. Proses
mengingat kembali merupakan suatu proses mencari dan menemukan informasi yang disimpan
dalam memori untuk digunakan kembali. Hilgrad (1975) menyebutkan tiga jenis
proses mengingat, yaitu :</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recall </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu mengeluarkan bagian spesifik dari
informasi, biasanya diarahkan dengan menggunakan <i>cues.</i> <i>Selective
attention</i> adalah membatasi perhatian pada stimulus tertentu ketika ada
banyak stimulus yang hadir pada situasi tertentu. Individu lebih memperhatikan
karakteristik fisik dari stimulus, contohnya adalah volume dan ritme suara. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recognition </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu mengenali bahwa stimulus tertentu
telah disajikan sebelumnya. Contohnya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Misalnya dalam soal pilihan berganda, siswa hanya dituntut
untuk melakukan <i>recognition</i> karena semua pilihan jawaban sudah
diberikan. Siswa hanya perlu <b>mengenali </b>jawaban yang benar di antara
pilihan yang ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Redintegrative </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu proses meningat dengan
menghubungkan berbagai informasi menjadi suatu cerita yang cukup lengkap.
Proses ini terjadi bila seseorang ditanya sebuah nama, misalnya Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono (presiden RI), maka akan teringat banyak hal tentang tokoh tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbedaan
antara recall dan recognition menunjukan adanya fungsi petunjuk mengingat dalam
recognition. Petunjuk ini membantu organisme mengenali informasi yang akan
diingat khususnya memori jangka panjang. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendekatan
Information-Processing menyatakan bahwa memori dapat dipahami melalui tiga
proses, yaitu enconding, storage, dan interval. Tapi dalam proses tersebut
terlibat tiga sistem memori yang berbeda, yaitu memori sensorik, memori jangka
pendek (short term memory), dan memori jangka panjang (long term memory)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
yang mempengaruhi Memori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
mengingat atau memori banyak dipengaruhi oleh berberapa faktor, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
Individu </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses mengingat akan lebih efektif
apabila individu memiliki minat yang besar, motivasi yang kuat, memiliki metode
tertentu dalam pengamatan dan pembelajaran memiliki kondisi Fisik dan kesehatan
yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
Sesuatu yang Harus di Ingat adalah sesuatu yang memiliki organisasi dan
struktur yang jelas, mempunyai arti, mempunyai keterkaitan dengan individu,
mempunyai intensitas rangsangan yang cukup kuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
Lingkungan proses mengingat akan lebih efektif apabila ada lingkungan yang
menunjang dan terhindar dari adanya gangguan-gangguan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkatkan
Kemampuan Memori</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum
usaha-usaha untuk meningkatkan kemampuan memori harus memenuhi tiga ketentuan
sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses memori
bukanlah suatu usaha yang mudah. Oleh karena itu, perlu diperhatikan bahwa
pengulangan/rekan. Mekanisme dalam proses mengingat sangat membantu organisme
dalam menghadapi berbagai persoalan sehari-hari. Seseorang dikatakan “belajar
dari pengalaman” karena ia mampu menggunakan berbagai informasi yang telah
diterimanya di masa lalu untuk memecahkan berbagai persoalan yang dihadapinya
saat ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan-bahan yang akan diingat harus mempunyai hubungan
dengan hal-hal lain. Khusus mengenai hal ini, konteks memegang peranan penting.
Dari uraian di depan jelas bahwa memori sangat dibantu bila informasi yang
dipelajari mempunyai kaitan dengan hal-hal yang sudah dikenal sebelumnya.
Konteks dapat berupa peristiwa, tempat, nama sesuatu, perasaan tertentu dan
lain-lain. Konteks ini memberikan retrievel cues atau karena itu mempermudah
recognition.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses memori memerlukan organisasi. Salah satu
pengorganisasian informasi yang sangat dikenal adalah mnemonik (bahasa Yunani:
mnemosyne, yaitu dewi memori dalam mitologi Yunani). Informasi diorganisasi
sedemikian rupa (dihubungkan dengan hal-hal yang sudah dikenal) sehingga
informasi yang kompleks mudah untuk diingat kembali</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lupa
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Lupa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa merupakan
istilah yang sangat populer di masyarakat. Dari hari ke hari dan bahkan setiap
waktu pasti ada orang-orang tertentu yang lupa akan sesuatu, entah hal itu
tentang peristiwa atau kejadian di masa lampau atau sesuatu yang akan
dilakukan, mungkin juga sesuatu yang baru saja dilakukan. Fenomena dapat
terjadi pada siapapun juga, tak peduli apakah orang itu anak-anak, remaja,
orang tua, guru, pejabat, profesor, petani dan sebaginya. (syaiful Bahri
Djamarah, 2008: 206)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soal mengingat
dan lupa biasanya juga ditunjukkan dengan satu pengertian saja, yaitu retensi,
karena memang sebenarnya kedua hal tersebut hanyalah memandang hal yang satu
dan sama dari segi berlainan. Hal yang diingat adalah hal yang tidak dilupakan,
dan hal yang dilupakan adalah hal yang tidak diingat. (Sumadi Suryabrata, 2006:
47)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa ialah
peristiwa tidak dapat memproduksikan tanggapan-tanggapan kita, sedang ingatan
kita sehat. (Agus Suyanto, 1993: 46), adapula yang mengartikan lupa sebagai
suatu gejala di mana informasi yang telah disimpan tidak dapat ditemukan
kembali u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ntuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> digunakan.
(Irwanto, 1991: 150).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muhibbinsyah
(1996) dalam bukunya yang berjudul psikologi pendidikan mengartikan lupa
sebagai hilangnya kemampuan untuk menyebut kembali atau memproduksi kembali
apa-apa yang sebelumnya telah kita pelajari secara sederhana. Gulo (1982) dan
Reber (1988) mendefinisikan lupa sebagai ketidak mampuan mengenal atau
mengingat sesuatu yang pernah dialami atau dipelajari, dengan demikian lupa
bukanlah peristiwa hilangnya item informasi dan pengetahuan dari akal kita.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa merupakan kegagalan untuk
mereproduksi kembali hal-hal yang sebelumnya telah terjadi yang disebabkan oleh
lemahnya item informasi untuk ditimbulkan ulang saat informasi tersebut
dibutuhkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
Terjadinya Lupa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daya ingatan kita
tidak sempurna. Banyak hal-hal yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pernah diketahui, tidak dapat diingat kembali atau
dilupakan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dewasa ini ada
empat cara untuk menerangkan proses lupa keempatnya tidak saling bertentangan,
melainkan saling mengisi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa yang telah kita ingat, disimpan dalam bagian tertentu
diotak kalau materi yang harus diingat itu tidak pernah digunakan, maka karena
proses metabolisme otak, lambat laun jejak materi itu terhapus dari otak
sehingga kita tidak dapat mengingatnya kembali. Jadi, karena tidak digunakan,
materi itu lenyap sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mungkin pula materi itu tidak lenyap begitu saja,
melainkan mengalami perubahan-perubahan secara sistematis, mengikuti prinsip-prinsip
sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penghalusan: materi berubah bentuk ke arah bentuk yang
lebih simatris, lebih halus dan kurang tajam, sehingga bentuk yang asli tidak
diingat lagi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penegasan: bagian-bagian yang paling mencolok dari suatu
hal adalah yang paling mengesankan. Karena itu, dalam ingatan bagian-bagian ini
dipertegas, sehingga yang diingat hanyalah bagian-bagian yang mencolok,
sedangkan bentuk keseluruhan tidak begitu diingat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asimilasi: bentuk yang mirip botol misalnya, akan kita
ingat sebagai botol, sekalipun bentuk itu bukan botol. Dengan demikian, kita
hanya ingat sebuah botol, tetapi tidak ingat bentuk yang asli. Perubahan materi
di sini disebabkan bagaimana wajah orang itu tidak kita ingat lagi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalau
mempelajari hal yang baru, kemungkinan hal-hal yang sudah kita ingat, tidak
dapat kita ingat lagi. Dengan kata lain, materi kedua menghambat diingatnya
kembali materi pertama. Hambatan seperti ini disebut hambatan retroaktif.
Sebaliknya, mungkin pula materi yang baru kita pelajari tidak dapat masuk dalam
ingatan, karena terhambat oleh adanya materi lain yang terlebih dahulu
dipelajari, hambatan seperti ini disebut hambatan proaktif.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada kalanya kita melakukan sesuatu. Hal ini disebut
represi. Peristiwa-peristiwa mengerikan, menakutkan, penuh dosa, menjijikan dan
sebagainya, atau semua hal yang tidak dapat diterima oleh hati nurani akan kita
lupakan dengan sengaja (sekalipun proses lupa yang sengaja ini terkadang tidak
kita sadari, terjadi diluar alam kesadaran kita). Pada bentuknya yang ekstrim,
represi dapat menyebabkan amnesia, yaitu lupa nama sendiri, orang tua, anak dan
istri dan semua hal yang bersangkut paut dirinya sendiri. Amnesia ini dapat
itolong atau disembuhkan melalui psikoterapi atau melalui suatu peristiwa yang
sangat dramatis sehingga menimbulkan kejutan kejiwaan pada penderita. (Ahmad
Fauzi, 1997: 52-54)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor-Faktor
Penyebab Lupa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa terjadi karena gangguan konflik antara item-item
informasi atau materi yang ada dalam sistem memori siswa. Dalam <i>interfence
theory</i> (teori mengenai gangguan), gangguan konflik ini terbagi menjadi dua Macam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Reber, 1988;
Best, 1989; Anderson, 1990), yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proactive interference</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seorang siswa akan mengalami gangguan proaktif</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">apabila materi
pelajaran yang sudah lama tersimpan dalam subsistem akal permanennya mengganggu
masuknya materi pelajaran baru. Peristiwa ini terjadi apabila siswa tersebut
mempelajari sebuah materi pelajaran yang sangat mirip dengan materi pelajaran
yang telah dikuasainya dalam tenggang waktu yang pendek. Dalam hal ini, materi
yang baru saja dipelajari akan sangat sulit diingat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ata</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">u diproduksi
kembali.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Retroactive interference</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebaliknya, seorang siswa akan mengalami gangguan
retroaktif</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">apabila materi
pelajaran baru membawa konflik dan gangguan terhadap kembali materi pelajaran
lama yang telah lebih dahulu tersimpan dalam subsistem akal permanen siswa
tersebut. Dalam hal ini, materi pe</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">la</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jaran lama </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kan sangat sulit diingat atau diproduksi kembali. Dengan
kata lain, siswa tersebut lupa akan materi pelajaran lama tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa dapat terjadi pada seorang siswa karena adanya
tekanan terhadap item yang telah ada, baik sengaja ataupun tidak. Penekanan ini
terjadi karena adanya kemungkinan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena item informasi (berupa pengetahuan, tanggapan,
kesan dan sebagainya) yang diterima siswa kurang menyenangkan, sehingga ia
dengan sengaja menekannya hingga ke alam ketidaksadaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena item informasi yang baru secara otomatis menekan
item informasi yang telah ada, jadi sama dengan fenomena retroaktif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena item informasi yang akan direproduksi (diingat
kembali) itu tertekan ke alam bawah sadar dengan sendirinya lantaran tidak
pernah digunakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Itulah pendapat
yang didasarkan para <i>repression theory</i> yakni teori represi/ penekanan (Reber,
1988). Namun, perlu ditambahkan bahwa istilah “alam ketidaksadaran” dan “alam
bawah sadar” seperti tersebut di atas, merupakan gagasan Sigmund Freud, bapak
psikologi analisis yang banyak mendapat tantangan baik dari kawan maupun
lawannya itu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa dapat
terjadi pada siswa karena perubahan situasi lingkungan antara waktu belajar
dengan waktu mengingat kembali (Anderson, 1990). Jika seorang siswa hanya
mengenal atau mempelajari hewan jerapah atau kudanil lewat gambar-gambar yang
ada di sekolah misalnya, maka kemungkinan ia akan lupa menyebut nama
hewan-hewan tadi ketika melihatnya di kebun binatang.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa dapat
terjadi karena perubahan sikap dan minat siswa terhadap proses belajar mengajar
dengan tekun dan serius, tetapi karna sesuatu hal sikap dan minat siswa
tersebut menjadi sebaliknya (seperti karena ketidaksenangan kepada guru) maka
materi pelajaran itu akan mudah terlupakan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut law of disuse (Hilgard & Bower 1975), lupa
dapat terjadi karena materi pelajaran yang telah dikuasai tidak pernah
digunakan atau dihafalkan siswa. Menurut asumsi sebagian ahli, materi yang
diperlakukan demikian denga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sendirinya
akan masuk ke alam bawah sadar atau mungkin juga bercampur aduk dengan materi
pelajaran baru.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa Tentu saja dapat terjadi karena perubahan urat
syaraf otak. Seorang siswa yang terserang penyakit tertentu seperti keracunan,
kecanduan alkohol, dan geger otak akan kehilangan ingatan item-item informasi
yang ada dalam memori permanennya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun
penyebab lupa itu banyak aneka ragamnya, yang paling penting untuk diperhatikan
para guru adalah faktor pertama yang meliputi gangguan proaktif dan retroaktif,
karena didukung oleh hasil riset dan eksperimen. Mengenai faktor keenam, tentu
saja semua orang maklum.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecuali
gangguan proaktif dan retroaktif, ada satu lagi penemuan baru yang menyimpulkan
bahwa lupa dapat dialami seorang siswa apabila item informasi yang ia serap
rusak sebelum masuk ke memori permanennya. Item yang rusak (decay) itu tidak
hilang dan tetap diproses oleh sistem memori siswa tadi, tetapi terlalu lemah
untuk dipanggil kembali. Kerusakan item informasi tersebut mungkin disebabkan
karena tenggang waktu (delay) antara waktu diserapnya item informasi dengan
saat proses pengkodean dan transformasi dalam memori jangka pendek siswa
tersebut (Best, 1989; Anderson, 1990).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apakah materi
pelajaran yang terlupakan oleh siswa benar-benar hilang dari ingatan akalnya?
Menurut pandangan ahli psikologi kognitif, “tidak!” materi pelajaran itu masih
terdapat dalam subsistem akal permanen siswa namun terlalu lemah untuk di
panggil atau diingat kembali. Buktinya banyak siswa yang mengeluh “kehilangan ilmu”,
setelah melakukan relearning (belajar lagi) atau mengikuti remedial teaching
berfungsi memperbaiki atau menguatkan item-item informasi yang rusak atau lemah
dalam memori para siswa tersebut, sehingga mereka berhasil mencapai prestasi
yang memuaskan. (Muhibbin Syah, 1996: 160)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa Versus
Hilang</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerapkali
pengertian “lupa” dan “hilang” secara spontan dianggap sama, padahal apa yang
dilupakan belum tentu hilang dalam ingatan begitu saja. Hasil penelitian dan
refleksi atas pengalaman belajar di sekolah, memberikan petunjuk bahwa segala
sesuatu yang pernah dicamkan dan dimasukan dalam ingatan, tetap menjadi milik
pribadi dan tidak menghilang tanpa bekas. Dengan kata lain, kenyataan bahwa
seseorang tidak dapat mengingat sesuatu, belum berarti hal itu hilang dari
ingatannya, seolah-olah hal yang pernah dialami atau dipelajari sama sekali
tidak mempunyai efek apa-apa. (Winkel, 1989: 291) sejumlah kesan yang telah
didapat sebagai buah dari pengalaman belajar tidak akan pernah hilang, tetapi
kesan-kesan itu mengendap ke alam bawah sadar. Bila diperlukan kembali
kesan-kesan terpilih akan terangkat ke alam sadar. Penggalian kesan-kesan
terpilih bisa karena kekuatan “asosiasi” atau bisa juga karena kemauan yang
keras melakukan “reproduksi” dengan pengandalan konsentrasi. Oleh karena itu,
tepat apa yang pernah dikemukakan oleh Gula (1982) dan Reber (1988) bahwa lupa
sebagai ketidakmampuan mengenal atau mengingat sesuatu yang pernah
dipelajari atau dialami. (Muhibbin Syah, 1999: 151) jadi, lupa bukan berarti
hilang, sesuatu yang terlupakan tentu saja masih dimiliki dan tersimpan di alam
bawah sadar, sedangkan sesuatu yang hilang tentu saja tidak tersimpan dalam
alam bawah sadar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan-gangguan
yang menyebabkan terjadinya lupa, baik dalam ingatan jangka panjang maupun
jangka pendek ditunjang oleh hasil-hasil penelitian, bahwa informasi-informasi
yang baru didapat membingungkan informasi-informasi yang lama disebut “inhibisi
retroaktif” atau gangguan retroaktif. Sebaliknya, bila informasi-informasi yang
lama menyulitkan orang untuk mengingat kembali informasi-informasi yang baru dinamakan
“inhibisi proaktif” atau gangguan proaktif. (Mahmud, 1990: 136)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa-Lupa Ingat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa-lupa ingat
berlainan dengan lupa-lupaan, dan tidak sama dengan melupakan. Lupa-lupaan
berarti pura-pura lupa. Melupakan berarti melalaikan, tidak mengindahkan. Baik
lupa-lupaan mengandung unsur kesengajaan. Sedangkan lupa-lupa ingat berarti
tidak lupa, tetapi tidak ingat benar, (masa samar, tetapi kurang pasti), agak
lupa.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadang-kadang
kita mengingat sesuatu dari ingatan jangka panjang kita dan merasa seolah-olah
kita hampir mengingatnya, tetapi tidak mengingat betul apa yang ingin kita
ingat itu, entah itu nama seorang teman, tempat berlangsungnya kejadian
tertentu, tanggal lahir seorang pahlawan nasioanl dan sebaginya. “hampir ingat”
ini disebut”gejala ujung lidah”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengorganisasian
struktur kognitif yang kurang baik dan sistematik berpotensi kearah lupa-lupa
ingat. Kerancuan struktur kognitif menyebabkan sejumlah kesan menjadi
samar-samar, kesan berbentuk bayang-bayang dalam ketidakpastian. Sesuatu hal
yang direpresentasikan dalam bentuk kesan mengapung diantara alam bimbang sadar
dan alam bawah sadar, sehingga ingatan yang timbul karena kesadaran akibat
adanya rangsangan dari luar atau usaha mengingat-ingat terjelma dalam bentuk
gejala ujung lidah, hampir ingat atau lupa-lupa ingat, yang berarti tidak lupa,
Cuma kurang pasti. (Syaiful Bahri Djamarah, 2008: 207-209)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori-Teori
Mengenai Lupa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa merupakan
suatu gejala di mana informasi yang telah disimpan tidak dapat ditemukan
kembali untuk digunakan. Ada empat teori tentang lupa, yaitu Decay theory,
Interference theory, Retrieval failure, motivated forgetting, dan lupa karena
sebab-sebab fisiologis. Teori-teori ini khususnya merujuk pada memori jangka
panjang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ecay theory</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini beranggapan bahwa memori menjadi semakin aus
aus dengan berlalunya waktu bila tidak pernah diulang kembali (rehearsal).
Teori ini mengandalkan bahwa setiap informasi di simpan dalam memori akan
meninggalkan jejak (memory trace). Jejak-jejak ini akan rusak atau menghilang
bila tidak pernah dipakai lagi. Meskipun demikian, banyak ahli sekarang
menemukan bahwa lupa tidak semata-mata disebabkan oleh ausnya informasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eori
interferensi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini beranggapan bahwa informasi yang sudah disimpan
dalam memori janga panjang masih ada dalam gudang memori (tidak mengalami
keausan). Akan tetapi proses lupa terjadi karena informasi yang satu menggangu
proses mengingat informasi lainnya. Bisa terjadi bahwa informasi yang baru
diterima mengganggu proses mengingat informasi yang lama, tetapi bisa juga sebaliknya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila informasi yang baru kita terima, menyebabkan kita
sulit mencari informasi yang sudah ada dalam memori kita, terjadilah
interferensi retroaktif. Dalam hidup sehari-hari kita mengalami hal ini. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalagi yang disebut interferensi proaktif, yaitu
informasi yang sudah dalam memori jangka panjang mengganggu proses mengingat
informasi yang baru saja disimpan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eori retrieval failure</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini sebenarnya sepakat dengan teori interferensi
bahwa informasi yang sudah disimpan dalam memori jangka panjang selalu ada,
tetapi kegagalan untuk mengingat kembali tidak disebabkan oleh interferensi.
Kegagalan mengingat kembali lebih disebabkan tidak adanya petunjuk yang
memadai. Dengan demikian, bila syarat tersebut dipenuhi (disajikan petunjuk
yang tepat), maka informasi tersebut tentu dapat ditelusuri dan diingat
kembali.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eori motivated
forgetting</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut teori ini, kita akan cenderung melupakan hal-hal
yang tidak menyenangkan. Hal-hal yang menyakitkan atau tidak menyenangkan ini
cenderung ditekan atau tidak diperbolehkan muncul dalam kesadaran. Teori ini
didasarkan atas teori psikoanalisis yang dipelopori oleh Sigmund Freud. Dari
penjelasan di atas, jelas bahwa teori ini juga beranggapan bahwa informasi yang
telah disimpan masih selalu ada.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">upa karena
sebab-sebab fisiologis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">para peneliti sepakat bahwa setiap penyimpanan informasi
akan disertai berbagai perubahan fisik di otak. Perubahan fisik ini disebut
engram. Gangguan pada engram ini akan mengakibatkan lupa yang disebut amnesia.
Bila yang dilupakan adalah berbagai informasi yang telah disimpan dalam
beberapa waktu yang lalu, yang bersangkutan dikatakan menderita amnesia
retrograd. Bila yang dilupakan adalah informasi yang baru saja diterimanya, ia
dikatakan menderita amnesia anterograd. Karena proses lupa dalam kedua kasus
ini erat hubungannya dengan faktor-faktor biokimiawi otak, maka kurang menjadi
fokus perhatian bagi para pendidik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kiat
Mengurangi Lupa dalam Belajar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kiat terbaik
untuk mengurangi lupa adalah dengan cara meningkatkan daya ingat akal siswa.
Banyak ragam kiat yang dapat dicoba siswa dalam meningkatkan daya ingatannya,
antara Barlow (1985), Reber (1988), dan Anderson (1990) adalah sebagai berikut:</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Overlearning</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Overlearning (belajar) lebih artinya
upaya belajar yang melebihi batas penguasaan dasar atas materi pembelajaran
tertentu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Overlearning terjadi apabila respons atau reaksi
tertentu muncul setelah siswa melakukan pembelajaran atau respons tersebut
dengan cara di luar kebiasaan. Banyak contoh yang dapat dipakai untuk
overlearning, antara lain pembacaan teks pancasila pada setiap hari senin dan
sabtu memungkinkan ingatan siswa terhadap P4 lebih kuat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Extra
Study Time (Tambahan waktu belajar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ialah upaya penambahan alokasi waktu
belajar atau penambahan frekuensi (kekerapan) aktivitas belajar. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penambahan
frekuensi belajar berarti siswa meningkatkan kekerapan belajar materi tertentu.
Kiat ini dipandang cukup strategis karena dapat melindungi memori dari
kelupaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mnemonic
Device (Muslihat Memory) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mnemonic
Device Muslihat memori atau mnemonic device yang lebih sering disebut mnemonic
saja berarti kiat-kiat khusus yang biasa dijadikan “alat pengait” mental untuk
memasukkan item-item informasi kedalam memori siswa. Ragam mnemonic ini banyak
ragamnya tetapi yang paling menonjol adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rima ( Rhyme ), yaitu sajak yang
dibuat sedemikian rupa yang isinya terdiri atas kata dan istilah yang harus
diingat siswa. Sajak ini akan lebih baik pengaruhnya apabila diberi not-not
sehingga dapat dinyanyikan. Contohnya seperti nyanyian anak-anak TK yang berisi
pesan-pesan moral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Singkatan, yakni terdiri dari huruf-huruf awal
nama atau istilah yang harus diingat siswa. Contoh jika seorang siswa hendak
mengingat nama Nabi Adam, Nabi Nuh, Nabi Ibrahim dan Nabi Musa, mereka dapat
menyingkatnya menjadi ANIM. Pembuatan singkatan seyogyanya dilakukan sedemikian
rupa sehingga dapat menarik dan memberi kesan tersendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem kata pasak ( peg word
system), yakni sejenis teknik mnemonik yang menggunakan komponen-komponen yang
sebelumnya telah dikuasai sebagai pasak (paku) pengait memeori baru. Kata
komponen pasak ini dibentuk berpasangan seperti merah-saga, panas-api.
Kata-kata ini berguna untuk mengingat kata dan istilah yang memiliki watak yang
sama seperti darah, lipstik, pasangan langit dan bumi; neraka dan kata atau
istilah lain yang memiliki kesamaan watak (warna, rasa, dan seterusnya).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model Losai ( Method of Loci ),
yaitu kiat mnemonik yang menggunakan tempat-tempat khusus dan terkenal sebagai
sarana penempatan kata dan istilah tertentu yang harus diingat siswa. Kata
“Loci” sendiri adalah jamak dari kata “lokus” yang artinya tempat. Dalam hal
ini nama-nama kota, jalan, dan gedung yang terkenal dapat dipakai untuk
menempatkan kata dan istilah yang kurang lebih relevan, dalam arti memiliki kemiripan
ciri dan keadaan. Contoh: nama ibukota Amerika Serikat untuk mengingat nama
presiden pertama negara itu (George Washington).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Kata Kunci ( Key Word System
), kiat yang satu ini masih tergolong baru dibandingkan kiat-kiat yang lainnya.
Kiat ini dikembangkan oleh Raugh dan Atkinsen. Sistem ini biasanya direkayasa
secara khusus untuk mempelajari kata dan istilah asing, Inggris misalnya.
Sistem ini berbentuk daftar kata yang terdiri atas unsur-unsur sebagai berikut:
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kata-kata asing, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kata-kata kunci, yakni kata-kata
bahasa lokal yang paling kurang suku pertamanya memiliki suara atau lafal yang
mirip dengan kata yang dipelajari, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">arti kata asing yang dipelajari.
Contoh: Kata Inggris Kata Kunci Arti Astute Butterfly Challenge Domination Eyesight
Fussy Astuti Baterai Celeng Domino Aisyah Fauzy Cerdik, lihai Kupu-kupu
Tantangan Penguasaan Penglihatan Cerewet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelompokan Maksud kiat
pengelompokan (Clustering) adalah menata ulang item-item materi menjadi
kelompok-kelompok kecil yang dianggap lebih logis dalam arti bahwa item-item
tersebut memiliki signifikasi dan lafal yang sama atau sangat mirip. Penataan
atau pengelompokan ini direkayasa sedemikian rupa dalam bentuk daftar-daftar
item seperti: a. Daftar I, terdiri atas nama-nama negara serumpun, seperti:
Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunai dan seterusnya; b. Daftar II, terdiri atas
singkatan-singkatan lembaga negara, seperti MPR, DPR, dan seterusnya: c. Daftar
III, terdiri dari singkatan-singkatan nama-nama badan internasional, seperti:
WHO, ILO, dan sebagainya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latihan Terbagi Latihan terbagi atau
distributed practice adalah latihan terkumpul (massed pratice), yang sudah
dianggap tidak efektif lagi karena mendorong siswa membuat cramming, yakni
belajar banyak materi dengan tergesa-gesa dalam waktu yang singkat. Dalam
melaksanakan distributed practice, siswa dapat menggunakan berbagai metode dan
strategi belajar yang efisien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaruh Letak Bersambung Untuk
memperoleh efek positif dari pengaruh letak bersambung (the serial position
effect), siswa dianjurkan menyusun daftar kata-kata (nama, istilah, dan
sebagainya) yang diawali dan diakhiri dengan kata-kata yang harus diingat.
Kata-kata yang harus diingat oleh siswa tersebut sebaiknya ditulis dengan
menggunakan huruf dan warna yang mencolok agar tampak sangat berbeda dari
kata-kata lainnya yang tidak perlu diingat. Dengan demikian kata yang ditulis
pada awal dan akhir daftar tersebut memberi kesan tersendiri dan diharapkan
melekat erat dalam subsistem akal permanen siswa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain
ke enam kiat-kiat diatas, Seorang guru dapat mengurangi lupa dengan berbagai
cara lain seperti berikut ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertama,
mencoba menimbulkan atau meningkatkan memotivasi belajar siswa dengan
menyadarkan mereka akan tujuan instruksional yang harus mereka capai. Hal ini
dapat dilakukan, misalnya dengan menjelaskan manfaat materi pelajaran dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari, dan masa depan mereka</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedua,
mencoba selalu menjelaskan unsur-unsur pokok sebelum menunjukkan unsur-unsur
penunjang yang relevan dalam materi pelajaran yang disajikan. Dalam hal ini
seorang guru direkomendasikan untuk mendemonstrasikan dengan alat-alat peraga
yang tersedia atau memberi tanda-tanda khusus pada kata atau istilah pokok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketiga,
mencoba untuk selalu menghubungkan materi yang akan diajarkan dengan materi
yang telah diajarkan pada sesi yang lalu. Keempat, ketika seorang guru bertanya
kepada anak didiknya mengenai materi yang telah diajarkan, dengan
memperhatikan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seyogyanya pertanyaan itu
disampaikan dengan cara yang akrab dan tidak menegangkan, tetapi wibawa tetap dijaga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertanyaan harus jelas dan tidak
mengandung banyak tafsiran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertanyaan hendaknya mengandung
suatu masalah agar siswa dapat memusatkan proses sistem akalnya untuk mencari
respon</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertanyaan tidak hanya untuk
mendorong siswa menjawab “ya” atau “tidak” sebab hal ini akan menghambat
kreativitasnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika siswa tidak mampu menjawab,
Pendidik tidak perlu mendesaknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Segera tawarkan pertanyaan yang
tidak terjawab tersebut ke teman lain agar teman yang tidak bisa menjawab dapat
menggambil pelajaran dari teman lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berilah pujian terhadap anak didik
ketika ia bisa menjawab pertanyaan tersebut.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Kesimpulan<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
Berdasarkan pembahasan di atas dapat
disimpulkan hal-hal sebagai berikut:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Memori</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Konsep Memori </b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memori
atau mengingat merupakan proses menerima, menyimpan dan mengeluarkan kembali
informasi-informasi yang telah diterima melalui pengamatan, kemudian disimpan
dalam pusat kesadaran (otak) setelah diberikan tafsiran. Dalam otak, terdapat
dua macam tempat penyimpan informasi atau tanggapan yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingatan
Jangka Pendek (Short Term Memori/STM) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingatan
Jangka Panjang (Long Term Memori/LTM) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Memori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
memori atau mengingat terjadi dalam tiga tahapan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan
perolehan Informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan
Penyimpanan Jangka Pendek atau ingatan jangka panjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan
mengeluarkan kembali apabila suatu waktu diperlukan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-Teori
Memori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori yang
paling banyak yang digunakan oleh para ahli adalah teori tentang tiga proses
memori, seperti berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enconding </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Storage </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
yang mempengaruhi Memori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
mengingat atau memori banyak dipengaruhi oleh berberapa faktor, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
Individu </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
Sesuatu yang Harus di Ingat </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
Lingkungan </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkatkan
Kemampuan Memori</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum
usaha-usaha untuk meningkatkan kemampuan memori harus memenuhi tiga ketentuan
sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengulangan/rekan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan-bahan yang akan diingat harus mempunyai hubungan
dengan hal-hal lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses memori memerlukan organisasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lupa
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l28 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Lupa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa merupakan kegagalan untuk
mereproduksi kembali hal-hal yang sebelumnya telah terjadi yang disebabkan oleh
lemahnya item informasi untuk ditimbulkan ulang saat informasi tersebut
dibutuhkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
Terjadinya Lupa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa yang telah kita ingat, disimpan dalam bagian tertentu
diotak kalau materi yang harus diingat itu tidak pernah digunakan, maka karena
proses metabolisme otak, lambat laun jejak materi itu terhapus dari otak
sehingga kita tidak dapat mengingatnya kembali. Jadi, karena tidak digunakan,
materi itu lenyap sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mungkin pula materi itu tidak lenyap begitu saja,
melainkan mengalami perubahan-perubahan secara sistematis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asimilasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mempelajari
hal yang baru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Represi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor-Faktor
Penyebab Lupa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa terjadi karena gangguan konflik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena adanya tekanan terhadap item yang telah ada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa dapat terjadi pada siswa karena perubahan situasi
lingkungan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa dapat terjadi karena perubahan sikap dan minat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut law of disuse (Hilgard & Bower 1975), lupa
dapat terjadi karena materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak pernah
digunakan atau dihafalkan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa Tentu saja dapat terjadi karena perubahan urat
syaraf otak. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa Versus
Hilang</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil
penelitian dan refleksi atas pengalaman belajar di sekolah, memberikan petunjuk
bahwa segala sesuatu yang pernah dicamkan dan dimasukan dalam ingatan, tetap
menjadi milik pribadi dan tidak menghilang tanpa bekas. Dengan kata lain,
kenyataan bahwa seseorang tidak dapat mengingat sesuatu, belum berarti hal itu
hilang dari ingatannya, seolah-olah hal yang pernah dialami atau dipelajari sama
sekali tidak mempunyai efek apa-apa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa-Lupa Ingat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa-lupa ingat
berlainan dengan lupa-lupaan, dan tidak sama dengan melupakan. Lupa-lupaan
berarti pura-pura lupa. Melupakan berarti melalaikan, tidak mengindahkan. Baik
lupa-lupaan mengandung unsur kesengajaan. Sedangkan lupa-lupa ingat berarti
tidak lupa, tetapi tidak ingat benar, (masa samar, tetapi kurang pasti), agak
lupa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori-Teori Mengenai Lupa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ecay theory</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini beranggapan bahwa memori menjadi semakin aus
aus dengan berlalunya waktu bila tidak pernah diulang kembali (rehearsal). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eori
interferensi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini beranggapan bahwa informasi yang sudah disimpan
dalam memori janga panjang masih ada dalam gudang memori (tidak mengalami
keausan). Akan tetapi proses lupa terjadi karena informasi yang satu menggangu
proses mengingat informasi lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eori retrieval
failure</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini sebenarnya sepakat dengan teori interferensi
bahwa informasi yang sudah disimpan dalam memori jangka panjang selalu ada,
tetapi kegagalan untuk mengingat kembali tidak disebabkan oleh interferensi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eori motivated
forgetting</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut teori ini, kita akan cenderung melupakan hal-hal
yang tidak menyenangkan. Hal-hal yang menyakitkan atau tidak menyenangkan ini
cenderung ditekan atau tidak diperbolehkan muncul dalam kesadaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">upa karena
sebab-sebab fisiologis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">para peneliti sepakat bahwa setiap penyimpanan informasi
akan disertai berbagai perubahan fisik di otak. Perubahan fisik ini disebut
engram. Gangguan pada engram ini akan mengakibatkan lupa yang disebut amnesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kiat
Mengurangi Lupa dalam Belajar</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Overlearning</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Overlearning (belajar) lebih artinya
upaya belajar yang melebihi batas penguasaan dasar atas materi pembelajaran
tertentu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Extra
Study Time (Tambahan waktu belajar)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ialah upaya penambahan alokasi waktu
belajar atau penambahan frekuensi (kekerapan) aktivitas belajar. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mnemonic
Device (Muslihat Memory) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mnemonic
Device Muslihat memori atau mnemonic device yang lebih sering disebut mnemonic
saja berarti kiat-kiat khusus yang biasa dijadikan “alat pengait” mental untuk
memasukkan item-item informasi kedalam memori siswa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelompokan Maksud kiat
pengelompokan (Clustering) adalah menata ulang item-item materi menjadi
kelompok-kelompok kecil yang dianggap lebih logis dalam arti bahwa item-item
tersebut memiliki signifikasi dan lafal yang sama atau sangat mirip. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latihan Terbagi Latihan terbagi atau
distributed practice adalah latihan terkumpul (massed pratice), yang sudah
dianggap tidak efektif lagi karena mendorong siswa membuat cramming, yakni
belajar banyak materi dengan tergesa-gesa dalam waktu yang singkat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaruh Letak Bersambung Untuk
memperoleh efek positif dari pengaruh letak bersambung (the serial position
effect), siswa dianjurkan menyusun daftar kata-kata (nama, istilah, dan
sebagainya) yang diawali dan diakhiri dengan kata-kata yang harus diingat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Saran<b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak berarti bahwa
semua yang telah pernah dialami itu akan tetap tinggal seluruhnya dalam ingatan
dan dapat seluruhnya ditimbulkan kembali atau dengan kata lain ada yang
dilupakan. Peristiwa kelupaan ini dapat terjadi karena kemampuan ingatan yang
terbatas, cepat lambat orang dalam memasukkan (mendispersi) apa yang ia
pelajari, ataupun karena problem psikologis yang ada pada dirinya. </span>Sehingga
diperlukan teknik-teknik tertentu untuk mengatasi kelupaan yang terjadi pada
diri siswa. <b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Kepada para pembaca jika ingin lebih mengetahui tentang bahasan
ini bisa membaca buku atau majalah-majalah yang memuat tentang Memory dan Lupa<b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Djamarah,
Syaiful Bahri. 2008, <i>Psikologi Belajar</i>, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mahmud, M.
Dimyati. 1991. <i>Psikologi Pendidikan Suatu Pendekatan Terapan</i>.
Yogyakarta: PBFE.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Purwanto, M.
Ngalim. 1999. <i>Psikologi Pendidikan</i>. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suyanto, Agus. 1993. <i>Psikologi Umum</i>.
Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Cet. 9</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syah, Muhibbin. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psikologi
Pendidikan Dengan Pendekatan Baru</i>. ed. rev. Cetakan keempaat belas.
Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mustaqim. 2004<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Psikologi Pendidikan. Cetakan Ketiga</i>. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar
Offset</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Walgito, Bimo. 1990. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Psikologi Umum. ed. rev. Cetakan
Kedua</i>. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset dit or delete it and start blogging!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Almazini.P. <i>Mengoptimalkan Daya
Ingat</i>. </span><a href="http://www.makelarz.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.makelarz.blogspot.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. 19 September 2008.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hilary. <i>Memory Otak</i>.
http://hi4ry.worspress.com/. 23 Oktober 2007.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NN. <i>Memori Jangka Pendek</i>. www.groups.yahoo.com.
19 September 2008.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">N.N. <i>Meningkatkan Daya Ingat</i>.
</span><a href="http://www.e-edukasi.net/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.e-edukasi.net</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. 19 September 2008.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riyanti, D.B.P., Prabowo, H,.
Puspitawati, I,. (1996) . <i>Psikologi Umum 1: Seri Diktat Kuliah</i> Editor:
Hendro Prabowo. Jakarta. Fakultas Psikologi Gunadarma</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Segala puji dan syukur kami
panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rezeki dan kesehatan
kepada kami sehingga kami mempunyai kesempatan untuk menyelesaikan pembuatan
makalah yang dibuat untuk memenuhi tugas kelompok mata kuliah Psikologi
Pendidikan. Adapun materi makalah yang kami buat adalah "Memori dan Lupa".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami
menyadari dan meyakini bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Masih
banyak kekurangan dan kesalahan yang kami sadari atau pun yang tidak kami
sadari. Oleh karena itu kami mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari makalah ini,
agar di masa yang akan datang kami bisa membuat makalah yang lebih baik lagi.
Namun begitu, meskipun makalah ini jauh dari kata sempurna kami berharap agar
makalah ini sedikit banyaknya dapat bermanfaat bagi yang membacanya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami
mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dan mendukung
dalam pembuatan makalah ini. Demikian sedikit kata pengantar dari </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kami</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atas perhatian para pembaca
sekalian kami mengucapkan terima kasih.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuningan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Agustus 2011</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
ISI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata Pengantar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................................... </span>
i</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Isi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................................................... </span>
ii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB I<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang Masalah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................ </span>
1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batasan
Masalah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span>
2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
yang Ingin dicapai<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span>
2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
yang digunakan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................ </span>
2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................................... </span>
3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
Memori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................... </span>
3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Memori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................... </span>
4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-Teori
Memori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................. </span>
4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-Faktor
yang Mempengaruhi Memori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................... </span>
7</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan
Kemampuan Memori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................... </span>
7</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lupa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................................................... </span>
8</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Lupa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................. </span>
8</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Terjadinya Lupa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................... </span>
9</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-Faktor
Penyebab Lupa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................. </span>10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lupa
Versus Hilang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................. </span>13</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lupa-Lupa
Ingat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................. </span>14</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-Teori
Mengenai Lupa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................. </span>15</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kiat
Mengurangi Lupa Dalam Belajar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................ </span>17</span></div>
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<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB III<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENUTUP</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................................... </span>22</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................................................... </span>26</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................................................... </span>
iii</span></div>yulianihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05665580843037726326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2251383717746990231.post-29716772808078963682012-04-05T01:52:00.001-07:002012-04-05T01:54:06.181-07:00Makalah Civiq Education "Ideologi Politik Mutakhir"<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Latar Belakang
Masalah</span></div>
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Diantara
ideologi-ideologi modern nasionalisme termasuk yang paling sederhana, paling
jelas, dan paling canggih sekaligus juga paling luas, dan memiliki daya
cengkeram yang paling kuat pada perasaan rakyat. Nasionalisme telah berhasil
mendapatkan loyalitas dan pengorbanan paling besar dari rakyat. Sebagai
hasilnya, nasionalisme menjadi agen perubahan politik yang paling kuat selama
duaratus tahun terakhir.<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Batasan Masalah</span></div>
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Adapun batasan Masalah
dalam karya tulis ini adalah:<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Pengertian Nasionalisme menurut Ideologi Politik Mutakhir<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Menjelaskan Kesimpulan Dari Nasionalisme<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Memahami arti nasionalisme<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Tujuan Yang Ingin
Dicapai</span></div>
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Adapun Tujuan penulis
dalam penulisan karya tulis ini adalah<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Sebagai salah satu <span lang="IN">tugas
</span>Presentasi <span lang="IN">Mata Pelajaran </span>Civiq
Education semes<span lang="IN">ter I Prodi PGMI</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Untuk mengetahui arti Nasionalisme secara umum dan secara khusus<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Untuk menambah wawasan tentang Nasionalisme<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Metode Yang Digunakan</span></div>
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Metode deskriftif
dengan teknik study kepustakaan, yaitu pengetahuan yang bersumber dari media
tulis berupa buku yang tentu ada kaitannya masalah-masalah yang di bahas di
dalam Karya tulis ini.<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasionalisme Menurut Ideologi
Politik Mutakhir</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Nasionalisme berkeyakinan bahwa umat
manusia terbagi dalam bangsa-bangsa dan bahwa semua bangsa memiliki hak untuk
memiliki pemerintahan dan menentukan nasibnya sendiri. Oleh karena itu,
Negara-negara adalah satu-satunya unit politik yang sah sebagai penjaga
identitas bangsa. Persatuan bangsa merupakan tujuan utama dari tindakan politik
kaum nasionalis. Nasionalisme adalah sebuah doktrin politik dan sebuah
ideology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ditangan
pengikut Jacobin, nasionalisme menjadi sebuah ide revolusioner yang mereka
usahakan untuk diekspor kepada bangsa-bangsa tetangga, yang pada gilirannya
menuntut bentuk-bentuk pemikiran lainnya yang berasal dari berbagai prinsip
yang sangat berbeda. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasionalisme
Romantik dan Revolusioner</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mendefinisikan Bangsa</b></div>
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Seperti
revolusi-revolusi Amerika, refolusi-revolusi Perancis ter inspirasi ole
hide-ide John Locke tentang hak-hak alami, pemerintah dengan dukungan yang
diperintah dan hak rakyat untuk menumbangkan tirani. Bagaimanapun ide-ide ini
mengatakan sedikit tentang siapa yang sebenarnya diperintah atau rakyat yang
memiliki hak ini dan kepada siapa kekuasaan itu seharusnya diberikan. Teori ini
memperlakukan Negara sebagai sebuah perhimpunan sukarelawan yang sependapat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Voluntary Association of The Like Minded</i>),
yang menolak ikatan-ikatan bersama seperti ikatan komunitas dan kultur yang sama,
arti tntang sejarah yang sama, tujuan atau nasib yang sama</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Abbe Sieyes</b></div>
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Abbe
Sieyes adalah teoritisi nasionalisme perancis yang paling penting saat ini.
Sieyes berpendapat bahwa estate ketiga mengekspresikan kehendak Perancis. Dua
estate yang lain mengekspresikan mereka yang menyumbangkan apa-apa pada bangsa
dan merupakan parasit yang hidup diatasnya. Kedua estate ini hanya dapat
menebus diri dengan mengidentifikasikan dirinya dengan Estate Ketiga, yang
berarti mengidentifikasikan dirinya dengan bangsa. Estate ketiga mengubah
dirinya menjadi Majelis Nasional tahun 1789 dan meletakkan prinsip-prinsip
dasar Revolusi dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Declaration of the
Rights of Man</i>, dimana Klausul III berbunyi : </div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
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“Bangsa Pada Dasarnya Merupakan sumber semua kekuasaan, seorang
individu, atau sekelompok orang, tidak memiliki hak untuk memegang kekuasaan
yang secara jelas tidak berasal dari bangsa.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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Kaum
Revolusioner secara umum ingin menggunakan konsepsi yang baru tentang bangsa
ini untuk menghilangkan sentiment daerah dan feudal dari system lama, dan
menggantikannya dengan kesetiaan warga Negara yang bebas dan setara, memiliki
identitas dan nasib yang sama, terhadap bangsa mereka.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nasionalisme Romantik </b></div>
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Konsep-konsep nasionalisme dari kaum
revolusioner perancis adalah hasil pemikiran pencerahan. Diantara para pemikir
Romantik yang paling awal adalah Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803). Ia
percaya bahwa Tuhan telah membagi umat manusia kedalam berbagai bangsa sehingga
masing-masing bangsa, meskipun memiliki bahasa dan budaya sendiri, dapat
memberikan kontribusi unik bagi peradaban.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nasionalisme jerman</b></div>
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Johan Fichte adalah orang yang menkonversi ide-ide Herder
menjadi program politik dalam karyanya, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Adress
to the German Nation of 1807-08</i>, Fichte menyerukan rakyat Jerman untuk
bersatu dan mengalahkan Pendudukan Perancis. Bangsa Jerman tidak boleh hanya
membersihkan dirinya dari pengaruh politik asing, tetapi juga mmbersihkan
dirinya dari pengaruh dan budaya inetelektual. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nasionalisme Abad ke-19 </b></div>
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Pandangan
kebangsaan dapat diringkas sebagai berikut :</div>
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a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Umat manusia secara alami terbagi
kedaalam bangsa-bangsa</div>
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b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bangsa adalah lebih sekedar
persatuan politis. Bangsa adalah sebuah komunitas, unit social dan ekonomi.</div>
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c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Keanggotaan dalam sebuah bangsa
menyiratkan lebih dari sekedar mengejar kepntingan pribadi. Keanggotaan dalam
sebuah bangsa tidak hanya melibatkan hak, tetapi juga kewajiban untuk menymbang
kebaikan bagi seluruh masyarakat, dan menjadi patriot.</div>
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d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bangsa adalah sebuah kesatuan yang
masing-masing anggotanya memiliki kehendak yang sama. Ini menyiratkan kultur
dan wilayah yang sama, tujuan yang sama. Bangsa adalah sebuah agen dengan
sebuah sejarah dan nasib.</div>
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e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Jika bangsa adalah sebuah agen
dengan sebuah kehendak dan nasib, maka ia harus bebas untuk menjalankan
kehendak itu demi mengejar nasib itu. </div>
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f)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Adalah kewajiban pertama para
pemimpin politik untuk mengembangkan persatuan dan identitas nasional serta
memimpin bangsa menuju ketujuan umumnya. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Joseph Mazzini</b></div>
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Mazzini
mungkin lebih dari siapapun, melambangkan gabungan antara nasionalisme
Pencerahan dan Romantik. Mazzini percaya bahwa kebebasan pribadi dan penentuan
nasib bangsa sendiri tidak dapat dipisahkan.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nasionalisme sayap Kanan</b></div>
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Pada akhir abad ke-19 berkembang
nasionalisme sayap kanan di Jerman dan tempat lain ; nasionalisme ini lebih
agresif, senofodik. Nasionalisme sayap kanan menekankan penegasan-penegasan dan
kemandirian ekonomi bangsa, yang terekspresi dalam perang untuk memperluas
wilayah dan mengembangkan kerajaan diluar negeri. Dalam teori evolusi Darwin,
yang argumennya adalah bahwa prinsip ‘kelangsungan hidup dari mereka yang
tercakap/<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">survival of the fittest</i>’.</div>
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Dan pada akhir abad ke-19 divirikan dengan
bab ekspansi kekaisaran yang baru, di mana Negara-negara Eropa berusaha
menjadikan dunia yang belum berada dibawah control Eropa sebagai koloni atau
wilayah pengaruh. Penentuan nasib sendiri berdsarkan kebangsaan adalah prinsip
utama Negara-negara besar yang menang, tetapi ini bukan merupakan basis
perdamaian abadi yang diharapkan. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nasionalisme
Anti Kolonial</b></div>
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Pada
akhir abad ke-19, nasionalisme mulai berkembang di luar Eropa, pada awalnya di
dalam wilayah kekaisaran utama Eropa, dimana generasi pertama yang telah
menjadi penduduk tetap menciptakan cara hidup sendiri dan ingin terlepas dari
pengawasan ‘Ibu Pertiwi’. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anti Eropanisme</b></div>
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Hak menentukan nasib sendiri ternyata
tidak berlaku bagi orang-orang non Eropa. Negeri Non-Eropa yang pertama yang
mengembangkan nasionalisme sebagai reaksi, dan sebagai tiruan, atas
nasionalisme adalah Jepang. Bagaimanapun pola yang lebih biasa dari kemunculan
nasionalisme adalah sebagai reaksi atas kolonisasi Eropa, dimana kaum kolonis
adalah elit kecil. Dan pada saat yang sama orang-orang Eropa memberi kaum
nasionalis lokal alat untuk menumbangkan kekuasaan mereka, yaitu :</div>
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1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Modernisasi yang dapat membuat
keberlangsungan Negara pasca kolonial: administrasi tersentral, kominikasi,
industri, system pendidikan dan seterusnya. </div>
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2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Ide-ide eropa tentang nasionalisme
dan hak asasi manusia, maupun teori imperialisme dan eksploitasi yang dapat
dijadikan alat untuk menyerang balik orang-orang Eropa. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nasionalisme India</b></div>
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Nasionalisme
india pertama kali berkembang di akhir abad ke-19, tetapi berkembang sebagai
gerakan politik yang penting ialah setelah perang dunia I. cirinya yang paling
mencolok adalah pasivisme. Yang menolak perang dan kekerasan sebagai alat
kebijakan. Arus tradisi ini juga dirumuskan oleh pemimpin gerakan yang luar biasa
yaitu Mohandas Gandhi meskipun ia juga terpengaruh oleh pengikut pesivis barat
seperti Thoreau dan Tolstoy. Dalam nasionalisme secara umum sering terjadi
konflik antara tradisi dan modernisasi. Karena Gandhi sangat tradisionalis ia
tidak ingin India di Industrialisasikan, karena ia ingin india menjadi desa
tradisional dengan pertanian dan industry kerajinannya. Tetapi disisi lain
Gandhi percaya bahwa kemerdekaan harus dikaitkan dengan pembaruan social untuk
mengatasi konflik antar masyarakat dan masalah kaum paria. Tetapi setelah
menjadi kuat nasionalisme india tidak dapat dikendalikan lagi. Kemerdekaan pun
terjadi pada tahun 1947, tetapi india yang baru tidak dapat bersatu india
terpecah akibat kekerasan yang mengerikan dan Gandhi pun menjadi korban. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nasionalisme Afrika</b></div>
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Wilayah
koloni Eropa di Afrika yang ditaklukan pada akhir abad ke-19 mulai mengenal
rasa nasionalisme ssekitar abad ke-20 terutama di wilayah Afrika bagian barat
dan selatan. Kongres Nasional Afrika (ANC) didirikan di Afrika Selatan tahun
1912. Pada awalnya gerakan nasionalisme sering memiliki perhatian pada
demokrasi dan kondisi kehidupan yang lebih baik bagi penduduk asli dibawah
rezim kolonial. Namun kemudian setelah perang dunia pertama gerakan nasionalis
itu lebih konsen dengan persoalan kemerdekaan bangsa. Kemudian dikembangkanlah
gagasan tentang ‘negritude’ sebuah kesadara hitam yang awal. </div>
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Dan setelah
perang dunia kedua nasionalisme menjadi kekuatan utama di sebagian besar negeri
ini. Baru kemudian partai-partai nasionalis yang baru didirikan atau di dirikan
kembali yang dipimpin oleh elit pendidikan Barat yang sering memiliki sedikit
komitmen pada kultur tradisional. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anti Imperialisme</b></div>
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Di Asia dan Afrika perjuangan mencapai
kemerdekaan ini sering terperangkap dalam konflik perang dingin yang lebih luas
banyak rezim-rezim baru yang beraliran komunis. Kaum komunis memproklamasikan
pandangan bahwa kemerdekaan formal tidak berarti kemerdekaan atau menentukan
nasib sendiri yang sebenarnya. Ditegaskan Imperialisme adalah lebih lembut dan
berrgerak melalui persetujuan perdagangan dan bantuan yang mengeksploitasi
dunia bekas colonial seefektif penguasaan secara langsung. Teori ini
berdasarkan pada teori lenin tentang imperialisme sebagai perluasan global dari
system kapitalis yang melihat masalah bangsa baru terletak pada eksploitasi
kapitalis dan determinasi kapitalisme Barat untuk mempertahankan wilayah lain
dalam perbudakan. </div>
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Kebanyakan gerakan kemerdekaan yang
berhasil bercita-cita untuk membentuk Negara-negara baru menurut model Eropa,
dengan sebuah symbol status nasional. Bendera dan lagu kebangsaan, administrasi
modern, persenjataan modern, penerbangan nasional dan satu kursi di PBB, dan
seterusnya. Negeri-negeri semacam ini terdorong untuk meminjam dari barat
tetapi angka bunga yang membumbung tinggi membuat negeri smacam ini memiliki
utang yang tinggi. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pan
Nasionalisme</b></div>
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Pan –Nasionalisme pada masa sekarang
merupakan bagian ide-ide dari anti kolonialis. Gerakan Pan –Nasionalis muncul
pertama kali dalam konteks nasionalisme Eropa abad ke-19. Gerakan-gerakan ini
mencakup gerakan Pan-Slavonik, Gerakan Pan-Germanik dan Gerakan Skandinavian. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gerakan Pan di Eropa </b></div>
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Pan-Slavisme adalah gerakan yang paling
awal, yang berkembang di antara berbagai bangsa Slav di dalam kekaisaran
Austro-Hungorian dan turki selama tahun 1930-an hingga 1940-an. Di antara para
teoretisinya adalah seorang menteri protestan Slovak, Jan Koller yang melihat
orang-orang Slav pada dasarnya sebagai satu bangsa dengan warisan budaya yang
sama. Kongres Slav yang pertama diselenggarakan tahun 1948. Namun gerakan ini
mati menjelang abad ke-19, meski jauh USSR menghidupkan kembali untuk
membenarkan Imperium Komunis di Eropa Timur. </div>
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Pemikiran Pan-Jerman adalah serupa pada
abad ke-19 penyatuan Jerman hanya dapat dilihat sebagai langkah untuk
menciptakan Jerman yang lebih besar, yang mencakup orang-orang Austria dan
semua penutur bahasa Jerman. Etnik jerman jauh lebih mendominasi bangsa-bangsa
tetangga dan pan-Jermanisme memuat ide-ide rasis dan nasionalis agresif pada
akhir abad ke-19. </div>
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Skandinavisme pada awalnya merupakan
sebuah kultur yang di inspirasi ole hide-ide Romantik di awal abad ke-19 dan
setelah abad ke-20 berkambang berbagai organisasiskandinavia yang menggalang
kerjasama ekonomi dan politik. </div>
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Ditahun 1923 sebuah Uni Pan-Eropa
didirikan di Wina atas inisiatif pribadi. Gerakan ini bertujuan menyatukan
Negara-negara Eropa dalam kerjasama Ekonomi dan politik yang lebih besar dengan
tujuan untuk menciptkaan persatuan Negara-negara Eropa. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gerakan pan Afrika dan Arab</b></div>
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Pan nasionalisme Arab dan Afrika muncul
dari nasionalisme anti kolonial stelah perang dunia kedua. Nasionalisme di
Afrika dan Arab utara muncul karena perasaan bahwa wilayah mereka, yang
sekaligus merupakan basis Negara-negara baruu. Seluruhnya adalah penetapan yang
asing dan artificial, yang sebenarnya merusakkan perkembangan penduduk-penduduk
diwilayah yang telah dibagi-bagi ini. </div>
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Ide-ide pan-Afrikanisme pertama kali
dikemukakan oleh para bekas budak di Amerika dan Karibea di akhir abad ke-19.
Idenya adalah bahwa semua penduduk asli termasuk Arab di Utara, memiliki
warisan yang sama dan karena itu memiliki identitas dan nasib politik yang
sama. </div>
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Di tahun 1963 Organisasi Persatuan Afrika
(OAU) didirikan di Addis Ababa. Organisasi ini sekadar forum diskusi dan
kerjasama diantara Negara-negara rasis seperti afrika selatan. </div>
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Pan Arabisme memiliki kesempatan yang
lebih besar baik untuk menciptakan struktur politik yang penting dibandingkan
pan-Afrikanisme. Bangsa arab memiliki homogenitas dan arti warisan bersama yang
lebih besar. Gerakan ini memili organisasi yaitu Liga Arab. Liga Arab didirikan
tahum 1945 dan mewajibkan setiap anggotanya memiliki kebijakan luar negeri yang
sama dan menyelesaikan perselisihan mereka melalui liga. Gerakan ini memiliki
pemimpin yang Karismatik yaitu Gamal Abdul Nasser, presiden mesir, pahlawan
dalam masalah terusan Suez dan symbol persatuan Arab dari Maroko hingga ke
teluk Persia. Gamal menciptakan sebuah Negara yang sosialis yang mencakup semua
bangsa Arab, dikemukakan oleh partai-partai Ba’ath yang muncul di sebagian
besar Negara Timur Tengah. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ba’athisme</b></div>
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Gerakan
Ba’ath yang didirikan setelah Perang Dunia kedua ketika sebagian besar Negara
Arab Kecuali Arab Saudi. Ba’atishme pada dasarnya menggunakan Pan-Arabisme dengan
sebuah sosialisme yang meminjam dan menyesuaikan sejumlah elemen teoretis dan
organisasi dari komunisme. Slogan Ba’ath adalah persatuan, kebebasan dan
sosialisme. Persatuan di pahami dari segi keseragaman pandangan dan tujuan
meleburkan semua indivisualitas ke dalam sebuah massa bersatu dengan kehendak
nasional yang tunggal. Gerakan Ba’ath menolak arti Barat tentang ‘kebebasan’
sebagai hal yang terkait dengan egoisme dan eksploitasi kapasitas. Individu
menemukan pemenuhan dan realisasi diri dank arena itu kebebasan sejati melalui
identifikasi dengan massa. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Koherensi
dan Otonomi Nasionalisme</b></div>
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Nasionalisme
adalah Ideologi yang paling sederhana dan paling kuat, tetapi secara
intelektual paling lemah. Hal ini dikarenakan konsep utama yang menjadi
landasan ideologi nasionalisme sangatlah kabur dan sulit untuk dikemukakan.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Apa arti sebuah bangsa ?</b></div>
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Identitas
nasional harus diciptakan ini melibatkan banyak simbolisme bendera, lagu
kebangsaan, parade dan tim nasional, penciptaan sebuah sejarah dan kultur
nasional, dengan pahlawan nasional dan mitos kelahiran dan perjuangan bangsa
dan seterusnya. Mungkin ada anggapan bahwa homogenitas etnis merupakan sebuah
kondisi yang diperlukan. Tetapi kemudian banyak bangsa yang terdiri atas etnis.
Dan keriteria penting yang lain adalah bahasa. Sebuah bangsa melihat dirinya
atau merasakan dirinya sebagai sebuah bangsa karena kesamaan sejarah dan bahasa
dan alasan-alasan lain. Kriteria yang paling subjektif tentang bagaimana sebuah
bangsa melihat dirinya merupakan criteria paling tepat bagaimana sebuah bangsa
mendefinisikan khas kebangsaannya. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kelangsungan Hidup Negara</b></div>
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Sebuah
Negara (State) membutuhkan sebuah ekonomi nasional yang cukup Otonom, sehingga
tidak bergantung pada Negara lain. Di ujung skala yang lain, fenomena yang
Pan-Nasionalisme menggambarkan beberapa masalah teoritis yang muncul dari
nasionalisme. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Otonomi Nasionalisme</b></div>
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Persoalan lebih lanjut dari nasionalisme
digambarkan oleh orang-orang Arab. Konflik yang sering akut antara tradisi dan
modernisasi adalah segi umum dari gerakan-gerakan naionalis sejak abad ke-19.
Jenis masyarakat yang ingin dimiliki oleh kaum nasionalis di dalam sebuah
situasi. Diberbagai waktu dan tempat, nasionalisme terkait dengan liberalisme,
konservatisme, berbagai bentuk sosialisme, dan bahkan marxisme, yang secara
sepintas merupakan sebuah doktrin antinasionalisis. Alasannya adalah bahwa
ide-ide inti dari nasionalisme seperti itu tidak mengatakan apa-apa tentang
bagaimana masyarakat harus di atur. Yakni ide-ide tersebut gagal menjawab persoalan
yang biasanya kita harapkan jawabannya dari sebuah ideology. </div>
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Apakah nasionalisme merupakan sebuah
ideologi yang lengkap dan otonom ? Di satu sisi, kita mungkin mengatakan bahwa
ideologi adalah tentang jenis system sosial atau pemerintahan yang ingin
dimiliki bangsa adalah masalah sekunder. Disisi lain sebenarnya semua ekspresi
nasional secara terkait dengan suatu doktrin ideology yang lain, yang menjadi
esensial setelah kemerdekaan dicapai. Dengan pertimbangan sana-sini, yang kedua
tampak merupakan argument yang lebih kuat, yang member kesan tentang sebuah
kategori ideology-ideologi parsial.</div>
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Nasionalisme masih merupakan sebuah
kekuatan yang sangat berpengaruh di dunia. Banyak yang melihat nasionalisme
sebagai sebuah kekuatan irrasional dan desstruktif perlu diletakan didalam
sebuah visi dan organisasi yang lebih luas. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Internasionalisme,
Federalisme dan Konflik</b></div>
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Abad ke-20 adalah abad yang paling
keras, dengan dunia dan berbagai konflik yang lebih kecil, terrorisme dan
ancaman kehancuran dari senjata nuklir ; semua ini melibatkan seluruh penduduk
melalui sebuah cara yang tidak dikenal dimasa lalu. Satu sebab terbesar dari
kekerasan ini adalah nasionalisme dalam berbagai bentuk. Prioritas utama dari
pendukung internasionalisme adalah mencegah perang. Ada kesepakatan luas
menyangkut perlunya suatu badan internasionalisme menyangkut perlunya suatu
badan internasional yang dapat mencapai tujuan ini, meskipun kesulitan
praktisnya besar. Masalah yang jauh lebih besar dari kemungkinan mendirikan
sebuah pemerintahan dunia adalah persoalan yang sangat berbeda, yang oleh
banyak orang akan dipandang sebagai fantasi.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Organisasi-organisasi
Internasional</b></div>
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Perang dunia pertama disebut sebagai
perang untuk mengakhiri semua perang dan buntutnya diharapkan muncul
insstitusi-institusi yang akan mencegah perang dimasa depan melalui kesepakatan
internasional, kerjasama dan mediasi. Harapan yang pertama adalah membentuk
Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. Dan PBB pun didirikan di tahun 1945, tetapi harapan dan
cita-citanya kalah oleh datangnya Perang Dingin. PBB dijadikan ajang persaingan
oleh Negara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Superpower</i>, dan hanya
mampu berbuat sedikit. Akibatnya PBB gagal menghentikan konflik-konflik besar.
Bagaimana pun PBB telah terbukti sebagai forum perdebatan yang berguna, sebagai
suatu alat kerjasama internasional dalam bidang kesehatan, broker dan penengah
netral dalam perselisihan-perselisihan yang lebih kecil. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Integrasi
Regional</b></div>
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Faktor-faktor berikut ini tampak
kurang berpengaruh mesti sekadar dibandingkan dengan keadaannya beberapa tahun
yang lalu. Runtuhnya Komunisme Eropa dan berakhirnya perang dingin telah
mengakhiri regiditas yang tampak permanen dalam masalah internasional, dimana
konsekuensinya baru akan muncul beberapa waktu lagi. Meskipun demikian, jika ada
gerakan-gerakan kearah pemerintahan dunia, ini tampak tidak mungkin terjadi
secara langsung. </div>
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Selama tahun 1960-an
hingga 1970-an, anggota-anggota yang baru telah masuk kedalam sisitem yang
mapan ini, sementara tahun 1980-an dicirikan dengan dorongan baru ke arah
integrasi yang lebih besar. Karena itu munculah signifikansi tahun 1992 dan
usulan untuk memakai mata uang bersama yang mengarah pada kebijakan ekonomi
bersama. Hal ini dilihat sebagai langkah besar menuju kearah integrasi politik
dan sebuah pemerintahan federal. Namun hal ini menimbulkan perdebatan atas mata
uang bersama dan memisahkan secara tajam kaum federalis dari kelompok yang pada
dasarnya hanya menginginkan sebuah wilayah perdagangan yang bebas dan kerjasama
yang lebih besar diantara Negara-negara yang selalu berpengaruh. Tetapi
bagaimanapun bukti terakhir sistem federalisme tidaklah menggembirakan.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federalisme</b></div>
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Federalisme
adalah sebuah bentuk pemerintahan dimana kekuasaan termasuk kekuasaan
llegislatif, dipindahkan ke unit federal melalui sebuah cara yang dijamin oleh
konstitusi. System federal telah
diperkenalkan untuk membatasi kekuasaan pemerintahan pusat dan untuk mengatasi
jarak wilayah yang jauh. Tetapi federalisme juga telah dilihat sebagai cara
untuk menyelesaikan persoalan kebangsaan. Sistem federalisme dapat dilihat
sebagai jawaban atas beberapa masalah seperti sebuah bangsa minoritas akan
memiliki sesuatu tingkat kemerdekaan sementara disisi lain terpenuhi aspirasi
akan kebangsaan dan keamanan yang lebih besar; ada kelompok bangsa yang mungkin
terlalu kecil untuk menjadi sebuah Negara. Sehingga mereka bergabung dalam
sebuah sisteem federal sementara pada saat yang sama saling menghormati
kebangsaan masing-masing. Dan jelaslah bahwa federalisme telah berhasil
membatasi pemerintahan pusat meskipun dalam banyak kasus kekuasaan semakin
condong ke pemerintahan pusat. Namun disisi lain federalism kurang berhasil
dalam menghadapi semangat kebangsaan. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasionalisme
dan konflik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diluar
masalah penyatuan pemerintahan nasionalime memiliki kekuatan konflik dan
kekerasan yang hamper tidak berakhir, sebagaimana tampak dari survey tentang
tempat-tempat bermasalah di dunia. Dengan terpisahnya dunia Komunis yang masih
hidup dan yang telah mati. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemahaman
Nasionalisme </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasionalisme</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah satu
paham yang menciptakan dan mempertahankan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedaulatan" title="Kedaulatan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">kedaulatan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sebuah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">negara</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">bahasa Inggris</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
"nation") dengan mewujudkan satu konsep identitas bersama untuk
sekelompok </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">manusia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Para </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalis" title="Nasionalis"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">nasionalis</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> menganggap
negara adalah berdasarkan beberapa "kebenaran politik" (political
legitimacy). Bersumber dari teori romantisme yaitu "identitas
budaya", debat liberalisme yang menganggap kebenaran politik adalah
bersumber dari kehendak rakyat, atau gabungan kedua teori itu.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan
nasionalisme tumbuh di tengah masyarakat saat pola pikirnya mulai merosot.
Ikatan ini terjadi saat manusia mulai hidup bersama dalam suatu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">wilayah</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> tertentu dan
tak beranjak dari situ. Saat itu, naluri mempertahankan diri sangat berperan
dan mendorong mereka untuk mempertahankan negerinya, tempatnya hidup dan
menggantungkan diri. Dari sinilah cikal bakal tubuhnya ikatan ini, yang
notabene lemah dan bermutu rendah. Ikatan inipun tampak pula dalam dunia </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">hewan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> saat ada
ancaman pihak asing yang hendak menyerang atau menaklukkan suatu negeri. Namun,
bila suasanya aman dari serangan musuh dan musuh itu terusir dari negeri itu,
sirnalah kekuatan ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam zaman
modern ini, nasionalisme merujuk kepada amalan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">politik</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketentaraan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ketentaraan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">ketentaraan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang berlandaskan nasionalisme secara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnik" title="Etnik"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">etnik</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> serta ke</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">agamaan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, seperti yang
dinyatakan di bawah. Para </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmuwan" title="Ilmuwan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">ilmuwan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> politik
biasanya menumpukan penyelidikan mereka kepada nasionalisme yang ekstrem
seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasional_sosialisme&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nasional sosialisme (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">nasional sosialisme</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengasingan" title="Pengasingan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">pengasingan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan
sebagainya.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa bentuk
dari nasionalisme</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasionalisme
dapat menonjolkan dirinya sebagai sebagian paham negara atau gerakan (bukan
negara) yang populer berdasarkan pendapat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warganegara" title="Warganegara"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">warganegara</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnis" title="Etnis"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">etnis</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">budaya</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, keagamaan dan
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">ideologi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Kategori
tersebut lazimnya berkaitan dan kebanyakan teori nasionalisme mencampuradukkan
sebahagian atau semua elemen tersebut.</span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasionalisme_kewarganegaraan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nasionalisme kewarganegaraan (halaman belum tersedia)"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Nasionalisme kewarganegaraan</span></b></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (atau <i>nasionalisme
sipil</i>) adalah sejenis nasionalisme dimana negara memperoleh kebenaran
politik dari penyertaan aktif rakyatnya, "kehendak rakyat";
"perwakilan politik". Teori ini mula-mula dibangun oleh Jean</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=-Jacques_Rousseau&action=edit&redlink=1" title="-Jacques Rousseau (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">-Jacques Rousseau</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="IN">dan
menjadi bahan-bahan tulisan. Antara tulisan yang terkenal adalah buku berjudul </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Du_Contract_Sociale&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Du Contract Sociale (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Du Contract Sociale</span></i></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (atau dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Bahasa Indonesia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> "Mengenai
Kontrak Sosial").</span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasionalisme_etnis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nasionalisme etnis (halaman belum tersedia)"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Nasionalisme etnis</span></b></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah sejenis
nasionalisme di mana negara memperoleh kebenaran politik dari budaya asal atau
etnis sebuah masyarakat. Dibangun oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried von Herder"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Johann Gottfried von Herder</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, yang
memperkenalkan konsep <i>Volk</i> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">bahasa Jerman</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk
"rakyat").</span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasionalisme_romantik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nasionalisme romantik (halaman belum tersedia)"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Nasionalisme romantik</span></b></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (juga disebut <i>nasionalisme
organik</i>, <i>nasionalisme identitas</i>) adalah lanjutan dari nasionalisme
etnis dimana negara memperoleh kebenaran politik secara <i>semulajadi</i>
("organik") hasil dari bangsa atau ras; menurut semangat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romantisme&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Romantisme (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">romantisme</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Nasionalisme romantik adalah
bergantung kepada perwujudan budaya etnis yang menepati idealisme romantik;
kisah tradisi yang telah direka untuk konsep nasionalisme romantik. Misalnya
"Grimm Bersaudara" yang dinukilkan oleh Herder merupakan koleksi
kisah-kisah yang berkaitan dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etnis_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Etnis Jerman (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">etnis Jerman</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasionalisme_Budaya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nasionalisme Budaya (halaman belum tersedia)"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Nasionalisme Budaya</span></b></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah sejenis
nasionalisme dimana negara memperoleh kebenaran politik dari budaya bersama dan
bukannya "sifat keturunan" seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warna_kulit&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Warna kulit (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">warna kulit</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras" title="Ras"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">ras</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan
sebagainya. Contoh yang terbaik ialah rakyat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tionghoa" title="Tionghoa"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Tionghoa</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang
menganggap negara adalah berdasarkan kepada budaya. Unsur ras telah
dibelakangkan di mana golongan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu" title="Manchu"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Manchu</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> serta ras-ras
minoritas lain masih dianggap sebagai rakyat negara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Tiongkok</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Kesediaan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="Dinasti Qing"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">dinasti Qing</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk
menggunakan adat istiadat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tionghoa" title="Tionghoa"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Tionghoa</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> membuktikan
keutuhan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Tionghoa" title="Budaya Tionghoa"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">budaya
Tionghoa</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Malah banyak rakyat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Taiwan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> menganggap
diri mereka nasionalis Tiongkok sebab persamaan budaya mereka tetapi menolak </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Republik Rakyat Cina"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">RRC</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> karena
pemerintahan RRT berpaham </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">komunisme</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasionalisme_kenegaraan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nasionalisme kenegaraan (halaman belum tersedia)"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Nasionalisme kenegaraan</span></b></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ialah variasi
nasionalisme </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewarganegaraan" title="Kewarganegaraan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">kewarganegaraan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, selalu
digabungkan dengan nasionalisme etnis. Perasaan nasionalistik adalah kuat
sehingga diberi lebih keutamaan mengatasi hak universal dan kebebasan. Kejayaan
suatu negeri itu selalu kontras dan berkonflik dengan prinsip masyarakat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">demokrasi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Penyelenggaraan sebuah 'national state' adalah suatu argumen yang ulung,
seolah-olah membentuk kerajaan yang lebih baik dengan tersendiri. Contoh biasa
ialah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Nazisme</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, serta
nasionalisme </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Turki</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> kontemporer,
dan dalam bentuk yang lebih kecil, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franquisme&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Franquisme (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Franquisme</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sayap-kanan di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Spanyol</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, serta sikap '</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacobin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jacobin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Jacobin</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">' terhadap unitaris dan golongan
pemusat negeri </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Perancis</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, seperti juga
nasionalisme masyarakat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Belgia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, yang secara
ganas menentang demi mewujudkan hak kesetaraan (<i>equal rights</i>) dan lebih
otonomi untuk golongan Fleming, dan nasionalis </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque" title="Basque"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Basque</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsika" title="Korsika"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Korsika</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Secara
sistematis, bila mana nasionalisme kenegaraan itu kuat, akan wujud tarikan yang
berkonflik kepada kesetiaan masyarakat, dan terhadap wilayah, seperti
nasionalisme Turki dan penindasan kejamnya terhadap nasionalisme </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdi" title="Kurdi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Kurdi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, pembangkangan
di antara pemerintahan pusat yang kuat di Spanyol dan Perancis dengan
nasionalisme Basque, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Catalan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Catalan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, dan Corsica.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasionalisme_agama&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nasionalisme agama (halaman belum tersedia)"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Nasionalisme agama</span></b></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ialah sejenis
nasionalisme dimana negara memperoleh legitimasi politik dari persamaan agama.
Walaupun begitu, lazimnya nasionalisme etnis adalah dicampuradukkan dengan
nasionalisme keagamaan. Misalnya, di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia" title="Irlandia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Irlandia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> semangat
nasionalisme bersumber dari persamaan agama mereka yaitu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik" title="Katolik"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Katolik</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">; nasionalisme
di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">India</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> seperti yang
diamalkan oleh pengikut partai </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Bharatiya_Janata" title="Partai Bharatiya Janata"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">BJP</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> bersumber dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Hindu" title="Agama Hindu"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">agama Hindu</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Namun demikian,
bagi kebanyakan kelompok nasionalis agama hanya merupakan simbol dan bukannya
motivasi utama kelompok tersebut. Misalnya pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-18" title="Abad ke-18"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">abad ke-18</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, nasionalisme
Irlandia dipimpin oleh mereka yang menganut agama </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestan" title="Protestan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Protestan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Gerakan
nasionalis di Irlandia bukannya berjuang untuk memartabatkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">teologi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> semata-mata.
Mereka berjuang untuk menegakkan paham yang bersangkut paut dengan Irlandia
sebagai sebuah negara merdeka terutamanya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Irlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Budaya Irlandia (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">budaya Irlandia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Justru itu,
nasionalisme kerap dikaitkan dengan kebebasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemahaman
Nasionalisme Menurut Kelompok </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasionalisme
adalah paham kebangsaan yang mengandung makna kesadaran dan semangat cinta
tanah air, memiliki rasa kebanggaan sebagai bangsa atau memiliki kehormatan
bangsa dan merupakan suatu paham yang menciptakan dan mempertahankan kedaulatan
sebuah Negara dengan mewujudkan sesuatu konsep identitas bersama untuk
sekelompok manusia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasionalisme adalah Munculnya
kesadaran dari seseorang sebagai bagian dari suatu bangsa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
Kemunculan Nasionalisme :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Sengsara karena dijajah oleh
bangsa lain</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– Adanya kebanggaan yang meluap-luap
sebagai suatu bangsa besar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasionalisme
mulai muncul di Indonesia?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 1908 melalui BU (nasionalisme
kultural)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– 1928 lewat Sumpah pemuda
(nasionalisme politik)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Kesimpulan<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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Berdasarkan pembahasan
di atas dapat disimpulkan hal-hal sebagai berikut:<b><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Nasionalisme<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah
satu paham yang menciptakan dan mempertahankan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedaulatan" title="Kedaulatan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">kedaulatan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>sebuah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">negara</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">bahasaInggris</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>"nation) dengan mewujudkan satu
konsep identitas bersama untuk sekelompok<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">manusia</span></a>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Dalam zaman modern ini, nasionalisme merujuk kepada amalan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">politik</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketentaraan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ketentaraan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">ketentaraan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang berlandaskan nasionalisme secara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnik" title="Etnik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">etnik</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>serta ke<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama" title="Agama"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">agamaan</span></a>, seperti yang
dinyatakan di bawah. Para<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmuwan" title="Ilmuwan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">ilmuwan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>politik biasanya menumpukan
penyelidikan mereka kepada nasionalisme yang ekstrem seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasional_sosialisme&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nasional sosialisme (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">nasional sosialisme</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengasingan" title="Pengasingan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">pengasingan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan sebagainya.</div>
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<span lang="IN">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Saran<b><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bagi kita dan generasi akan datang sudah sepatutnya menguatkan
semangat nasionalisme dalam konteks globalisasi saat ini harus lebih di titik beratkan
pada elemen-elemen strategis dalam percaturan global.Nasionalisme diprediksikan
akan lenyap sejalan dengan semakin sebuah negara menjadi modern. Nasionalisme,
dan hidup mandiri merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Karena akan membawa
kemakmuran dan kemajuan suatu bangsa.<b><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Kepada para pembaca jika ingin lebih mengetahui tentang bahasan
ini bisa membaca buku atau majalah-majalah yang memuat tentang Nasionalisme<b><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Adams, Ian, </i><i><span style="font-style: normal;">Ideologi Politik Mutakhir
(Political Ideology Today)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,
Penerjemah Ali Noerzaman, (Yogyakarta : Penerbit Qalam), 2004</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme</span></i></a></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imran,Ali.1998.</i>
Sejarah Nasional dan Umum. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jakarta :
Balai Pustaka.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bahar, Safroedin. 1991.</i>
Perjuangan Menuju Persatuan dan Kesatuan Bangsa. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Semarang : Mandira Jaya Abadi.</i></div>
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<br /></div>yulianihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05665580843037726326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2251383717746990231.post-85955017479887143552012-04-05T01:49:00.001-07:002012-04-05T01:50:03.650-07:00BAB I<br />
PENDAHULUAN<br />
A. Latar Belakang Masalah<br />
"والذين يطيعون الله ورسوله، فإنها ستكون جنبا إلى جنب مع الأشخاص الذين منحت الله صالح أن الأنبياء كانوا الناس الذين استشهدوا والشعب ورعة. وتلك التي هي أفضل أصدقاء "<br />
“Dan barangsiapa yang mentaati Allah dan Rasul-Nya mereka itu akan bersama-sama dengan orang-orang yang dianugerahi nikmat Allah yaitu Nabi-nabi para shaddiqin orang-orang yang mati syahid dan orang-orang shaleh. Dan mereka itulah teman yang sebaik-baiknya” <br />
Pendahuluan Nilai suatu ilmu itu ditentukan oleh kandungan ilmu tersebut. Semakin besar dan bermanfaat nilainya semakin penting utk dipelajarinya. Ilmu yang paling penting adl ilmu yang mengenalkan kita kepada Allah SWT Sang Pencipta. Sehingga orang yang tidak kenal Allah SWT disebut kafir meskipun dia Profesor Doktor pada hakekatnya dia bodoh. Adakah yang lebih bodoh daripada orang yang tidak mengenal yang menciptakannya? <br />
Allah menciptakan manusia dengan seindah-indahnya dan selengkap-lengkapnya dibanding dengan makhluk / ciptaan lainnya. Kemudian Allah bimbing mereka dengan mengutus para Rasul-Nya . Sementara dari jalan sahabat Abu Umamah disebutkan bahwa jumlah para Rasul 313 agar mereka berjalan sesuai dengan kehendak Sang Pencipta melalui wahyu yang dibawa oleh Sang Rasul. Namun ada yang menerima disebut mu’min ada pula yang menolaknya disebut kafir serta ada yang ragu-ragu disebut Munafik yang merupakan bagian dari kekafiran. Begitu pentingnya Aqidah ini sehingga Nabi Muhammad penutup para Nabi dan Rasul membimbing ummatnya selama 13 tahun ketika berada di Mekkah pada bagian ini krn aqidah adl landasan semua tindakan. Dia dalam tubuh manusia seperti kepalanya. Maka apabila suatu ummat sudah rusak bagian yang harus direhabilitisi adl kepalanya lebih dahulu. Disinilah pentingnya aqidah ini. Apalagi ini menyangkut kebahagiaan dan keberhasilan dunia dan akherat. Dialah kunci menuju surga. <br />
<br />
B. Batasan Masalah<br />
Adapun batasan Masalah dalam karya tulis ini adalah:<br />
Menjelaskan Pengertian Akidah Islamiah, Menjelaskan Pengertian Iman, Islam dan Ihsan, Menjelaskan Pegertian Iman Kepada Allah dan Pengertian dan contoh perbuatan Munafik, Fasik, Syirik dan Kafir beserta dalil naqlinya<br />
C. Tujuan Yang Ingin Dicapai<br />
Adapun Tujuan penulis dalam penulisan karya tulis ini adalah<br />
Sebagai salah satu tugas UTS Individu Mata Pelajaran Aqidah Akhlak semester I Prodi PGMI/PGSD dan Memahami Pengertian Akidah Islamiah ; Iman, Islam dan Ihsan ; Iman Kepada Allah dan contoh perbuatan Munafik, Fasik, Syirik dan Kafir beserta dalil naqlinya<br />
D. Metode Yang Digunakan<br />
Metode deskriftif dengan teknik study kepustakaan atau literature, yaitu pengetahuan yang bersumber dari beberapa media tulis baik berupa buku, litelatur dan media lainnya yang tentu ada kaitannya masalah-masalah yang di bahas di dalam Karya tulis ini.<br />
E. Sistimatika Penulisan<br />
Sistematika penyusunan makalah ini dibagi menjadi tiga bagian utama, yang selanjutnya dijabarkan sebagai berikut :<br />
Bagaian kesatu adalah pendahuluan. Dalam bagian ini penyusun memeparkan beberapa Pokok permasalahan awal yang berhubungan erat dengan permasalah utama. Pada bagian pendahuluan ini di paparkan tentang latar belakang masalah batasan, dan rumusan masalah, tujuan penulisan makalah, metode penulisan dan sistematika penulisan makalah.<br />
Bagian Kedua yaitu pembahasan. Pada bagian ini merupakan bagaian utama yang hendak dikaji dalam proses penyusunan makalah. Penyususn berusaha untuk mendeskripsikan berbagai temuan yang berhasil ditemukan dari hasil pencarian sumber/bahan.<br />
Bagian ketiga yaitu Kesimpulan. Pada Kesempatan ini penyusun berusaha untuk mengemukakan terhadap semua permasalahan-permasalahan yang dikemukakan oleh penyusun dalam perumusan masalah.<br />
BAB II<br />
PEMBAHASAN<br />
<br />
A. Pengertian Akidah Islamiah<br />
1. Aqidah Islamiah <br />
Aqidah Islamiah adalah pandangan, pemahaman, atau ide yang diyakini kebenarannya oleh hati sesuai dengan ajaran islam yang berpedoman pada Al-Quran dan hadist.<br />
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2. Alasan Aqidah Islamiah Tidak Boleh dirusak<br />
Karena Aqidah mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia. Diantaranya;<br />
a. Aqidah Islam telah memuaskan akal dan memberikan ketenangan pada jiwa manusia. Sebab, aqidah Islam telah menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan dengan jawaban yang memuaskan dan shahih.<br />
b. Aqidah Islam telah menciptakan keteguhan dan keberanian pada diri seorang muslim. Sesuai dengan sabda Rasulullah saw yang berbunyi:<br />
لن تموت نفس حتى تستوفى أجلها ورزقها وما قدرلها<br />
Artinya : Tidaklah mati seseorang sampai ditetapkan ajalnya, rezekinya dan apa-apa yang menjadi takdirnya..<br />
c. Aqidah Islam akan membentuk ketakwaan pada diri seorang muslim. Setelah seorang muslim menyadari hubungannya dengan Allah, dan bahwa Allah swt akan menghisab semua pernuatannya pada hari kiamat, maka ia akan menghindarkan diri dari perbuatan yang diharamkan serta melakukan perbuatan baik dan yang dihalalkan. Sebab, ia telah meyakini bahwa hari perhitungan pasti akan datang.<br />
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3. Ayat Al-Qur’an mengenai Aqidah Islamiah<br />
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Artinya : Maka demi Tuhanmu, mereka (pada hakekatnya) tidak beriman hingga mereka menjadikan kamu hakim terhadap perkara yang mereka perselisihkan, Kemudian mereka tidak merasa dalam hati mereka sesuatu keberatan terhadap putusan yang kamu berikan, dan mereka menerima dengan sepenuhnya.<br />
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4. Macam-macam keimanan yang terdapat dalam al-qur’an<br />
a. Kepercayaan akan adanya Allah dan semua sifat-sifatnya, baik yang wajib, mustahil, maupun yang jaiz (Mumkin) baginya<br />
b. Kepercayaan terhadap alam gaib. Kepercayaan ini meliputi kepercayaan akan adaya alam yang ada di balik alam nyata ini tidak bisa diamati oleh alat indra. Termasuk dalam kepercayaan ini meliputi kepercayaan akan adanya syetan, jin, ruh dan iblis<br />
c. Kepercayaan terhadap para nabi dan rasul serta segala sifat-Nya baik yang wajib, mustahil, maupun yang jaiz bagiya<br />
d. Kepercayaan terhadap kitab-kitab yang diturukan Allah kepada rasul-rasul-Nya sebagai pedoman da petunjuk bagi manusia sesuai dengan zamannya<br />
e. Kepercayaan terhadap hari akhir dan segala peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi pada saat itu, seperti alam barzah (alam kubur), Ba’ats (bangkit dari kubur), Hisab (perhitungan Amal), Mizan (timbangan amal), shirath, pahala, siksa, surge, neraka, dll<br />
f. Kepercayaan atas Qada dan Qadar, yaitu kita mempercayai bahwa semua yang ada di muka bumi ini tidak terlepas dari qada dan qadar Allah.<br />
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<br />
5. Ayat Al-Qur’an dan Hadits Tentang Perintah Taqwa Kepada Allah dan Rasulnya<br />
a. Al-Qur’an surat Al-Baqarah ayat 285<br />
<br />
<br />
Artinya : Hai orang-orang yang beriman, taatilah Allah dan taatilah Rasul (nya). (Q.S. An-Nisa, 4 : 59)<br />
<br />
b. Hadits <br />
عن أبي هريرة، قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: “من أطاعني فقد أطاع الله ومن عصاني فقد عصى الله ومن يطع الأمير فقد أطاعني ومن يعص الأمير فقد عصاني” . رواه البخاري ومسلم<br />
Artinya : Barangsiapa taat kepadaku,maka sesungguhnya dia taat kepada Allah.Siapa yang durhaka kepadaku,maka sesungguhnya dia durhaka kepada Allah.Siapa yang taat kepada pimpinan,maka sesungguhnya dia taat kepadaku dan siapa yang durhaka kepada pimpinan,maka sesungguhnya dia durhaka kepadaku. (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim)<br />
<br />
6. Karakteristik Aqidah Islamiah<br />
a. Aqidah Islam dibangun berlandaskan akal. Selama kita beriman kepada Allah, al-quran, dan kepada kenabian Mihammad saw dengan jalan akal, maka wajib bagi kita mengimani segala hal yang diberitakan al-Quran kepada kita. Sama saja apakah yang diberitakan itu dapat dijabgkau oleh akal dan panca indera manusia, atau berupa perkara-perkara ghaib yang sama sekali tidak dapat dijangkau oleh panca indera manusia seperti hari akhir, malaikat, dan perkara-perkara ghaib lainnya.<br />
<br />
b. Aqidah Islam sesuai dengan fitrah manusia. Beragama (al-tadayun) merupakan hal yang fitri pada diri manusia. Perwujudan dari naluri beragama ini adalah kenyatan bahwa dirinya penuh kelemahan, kekurangan, dan serva membutuhkan terhadap sesuatu yang lain. Kemudian aqidah Islan hadir untuk memberikan pemenuhan terjadap naluri beragama yang ada pada diri manusia, dan membimbing mausia untuk mendapatkan kebenaran akan adanya Pencipta Yang Maha Kuasa. Dimana, semua makhluk yang ada, keberadaanNya sendiri tidak berhantung pada siapapun.<br />
c. Aqidah Islam komprehensif (menyeluruh). Aqidah Islam telah menjawab seluruh pertanyaan manusia tentang alam semesta, manusia, kehidupan, dan menetapkan bahwa semuanya itu adalah makhluk. Aqidah Islam juga menetapkan bahwa sebelum kehidupan dunia ada Allah swt, sedangakn setelah kehidupan dunia adakan ada hari kiamat. Aqidah Islam juga menetapkan bahwa hubungan antara kehidupan dunia dengan apa yang ada sebelum kehidupan dunia adalah<br />
<br />
7. Manfaat Mempelajari Aqidah Islamiah<br />
a. Dapat menentukan Orientasi kehidupan <br />
Aqidah menentukan orientasi kehidupan yang benar kepada umat Islam yaitu dalam bertingkah laku dan medorong mereka untuk melakukan amal kebajikan. Orientasi ini dalam bentuknya terlihat dalam niat yang ikhlas yang terkandung dalam setiap kali perbuatan. Rasulullah SAW bersabda :<br />
اِنَمَاالْاَعْمَالُ بِانِّيَاتِ وَاِنَّمَالِكُلِّامْرِئٍ مَانَوَى<br />
Artinya : Bahwasannya setiap amal harus didasarkan pada niat (karena Allah). (HR. Bukhari Muslim) <br />
<br />
b. Mempertebal keyakinan<br />
Dengan mempelajari akidah islamiah seseorang akan semakin kuat dan mantap keyakinannya dan semakin tebal kepercayaannya atas kebenaran ajaran Islam, sehingga ia tidak meragukan sedikitpun atas ajaran Islam itu. Allah Berfirman :<br />
<br />
Artinya : Kitab (Al Quran) Ini tidak ada keraguan padanya; petunjuk bagi mereka yang bertaqwa (yaitu) mereka yang berimankepada yang ghaib, yang mendirikan shalat, dan menafkahkan sebahagian rezki yang kami anugerahkan kepada mereka. Dan mereka yang beriman kepada Kitab (Al Quran) yang Telah diturunkan kepadamu dan kitab-kitab yang Telah diturunkan sebelummu, serta mereka yakin akan adanya (kehidupan) akhirat. Mereka Itulah yang tetap mendapat petunjuk dari Tuhan mereka, dan merekalah orang-orang yang beruntung.<br />
<br />
c. Membangkitkan rasa ketuhanan<br />
Berdasarkan Al-Quran bahwa sejak dialam arwah manusia telah memiliki akidah yaitu megakui Allah sebagai Tuhannya. Potensi akidah yang dimilikinya ini akan tumbuh dan berkembang jika ia mempelajari akidah. Adanya potensi berakidah itu dinyatakan dalam ayat berikut : <br />
<br />
Artinya : Dan (ingatlah), ketika Tuhanmu mengeluarkan keturunan anak-anak Adam dari sulbi mereka dan Allah mengambil kesaksian terhadap jiwa mereka (seraya berfirman): "Bukankah Aku Ini Tuhanmu?" mereka menjawab: "Betul (Engkau Tuban kami), kami menjadi saksi". <br />
Ayat Tersebut Juga sejalan dengan Hadits berikut :<br />
كُلُّ مَوْلُوْدٍيُلَدُعَلَى الْفِطْرَةِفَاَبْوَاهُ يُهَوِّدَانِهِ اَوْيُنَصِّرَانِهِ اَوْيُمَجِّسَانِهِ<br />
Artinya : Setiap anak yang dilahirkan dalam keadaan (memiliki)Fitrah (bertuhan), lalu kedua orang tuanyalah yang menjadikan anak itu yahudi, nasrani, atau majusi. (HR.Ahmad)<br />
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d. Dapat memerdekakan Manusia<br />
Degan mempelajari akidah islamiah seseorang akan tahu bahwa ddirinya dan orang lain dihadapan Tuhan adalah sama. Hal itu sesuai petunjuk Rasul yang berbunyi :<br />
السَّمْعُ وَالطَّاعَةُعَلَى الْمَرْءِالْمُسْلِمِ فِيْمَااَحَبَّ وَكَرِهَ مَالَمْ يُؤْمَرْبِمَعْصِيَةٍفَاِنْ اُمِرَبِمَعْصِيَةٍفَلَاسَمْعَ وَلَاطَاعَةَ<br />
Artinya : Patuh dan tunduk pada sesseorang itu, baik yang ia sukai atau yang kurang ia sayangi, selama orang itu tidak memerintahkan perbuatan dosa. Jika orang itu menyuruh berbuat dosa, maka ia tidak perlu patuh dan taat. (HR.Muslim)<br />
<br />
<br />
e. Memberikan kepastian <br />
Akidah islamiah perlu dipelajari karena dapat memperikan pedoman hidup yang pasti dan pegangan yang kuat, agar dapat membedakan mana yang baik yang harus dikerjakan, dan mana yang buruk yang harus dijauhi, dengan berpedoman kepada Al-Quran. Allah berfirman :<br />
•• <br />
Artinya : Al Quran sebagai petunjuk bagi manusia dan penjelasan-penjelasan mengenai petunjuk itu dan pembeda (antara yang hak dan yang bathil). (Al-Baqarah : 185)<br />
<br />
f. Berani berjuang<br />
Akidah islamiah akan mendorong seseorang berani berjuang menegakkan kebenaran. <br />
g. Bertawakal dan berjuang<br />
Orang yang mempelajari aqidah Islamiah percaya bahwa segala sesuatu akan terjadi atau gagal atas kehendak Allah. Dia menyadari bahwa tugas manusia yang utama adalah bekerja keras berdasarkan prosedur dan kelengkapannya yang benar, sedangkan hasilnya diserahkan pada tuhan, dengan tawakal. <br />
h. Terjaga dari kesesatan<br />
Dengan Aqidah Islamiah seseorang dapat menghindarkan diri dari pengaruh kehidupan yang menyesatkan. Karena dengan akidah islamiah kita akan mencintai Allah saja. Allah berfirman :<br />
• <br />
Artinya : Katakanlah: "Jika kamu (benar-benar) mencintai Allah, ikutilah aku, niscaya Allah mengasihi dan mengampuni dosa-dosamu." Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang.<br />
<br />
i. Menjauhi kemusyrikan<br />
Dengan mempelajari akidah islamiah seseorang akan terhindar dari berbagai macam keyakinan yang tidak jelas dasarnya, dan perbuatan lainnya yang membawa kemusyrikan, sebagaimana hal itu masih terdapat di masyarakat. <br />
<br />
B. Pengertian Iman, Islam dan Ihsan<br />
1. Pengertian Iman<br />
Dari segi bahasa iman berasal dari bahasa Arab, a’mana, yu’minu, imam, yang artinya percaya. Kata iman selanjutnya menjadi bahasa Indonesia. Dalam Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia, W.J.S. Poerwadarminta mengartikan bahea iman adalah keimanan yang berkenan dengan agama yakin percaya kepada Allah dan ketetapan hati, keteguhan batin, kesseimbangan batin. Adapun dalam segi istilah telah banyak bagbahwa iman adalahkepercayaan yang meresap ke dalam hati, dengan penuh keyakinan, tidak bercampur dengan syak dan ragu, serta membeeri pengaruh bagi pandangan hidup, tingkah laku dan perbuatan sehai. jadi iman bukanlah ucapan lidah, perbuatan dan bukan merupakan pengetahuan tentang rukun iman dan hal-hal lain yang perlu di imani seperti kehidupan di akhirat, alam gaib dan sebagainya. <br />
Pengertian tersebut sejalan pula dengan hadis nabi yang berbunyi :<br />
اَلْاِيْمَانُ تَصْدِيْقٌ بِالْقَلْبِ وَقَوْلٌ بِاللِّسَانِ وَعَمَلٌ بِالْاَرْكَانِ<br />
Artinya : Iman itu adalah membenarkan dengan hati, megucapkan dengan lisan, dan mengamalkan dengan anggota badan. (HR. Al-Thabrani)<br />
<br />
<br />
2. Pengertian Islam<br />
Dari segi bahasa Islam berasal dari bahasa Arab, aslama, yuslimu, islaman, yang artinya memeliharakan dalam keadaan selamat sentosa, dan berarti menyerahkan diri, tunduk, taat dan patuh. Kata Aslama juga berakar pada kata salima, yang berarti selamat sentosa. <br />
Pengertian Islam dalam arti berserah diri dalam Al-Quran sebagai berikut : <br />
<br />
Artinya : Tatkala keduanya Telah berserah diri dan Ibrahim membaringkan anaknya atas pelipis(nya), (nyatalah kesabaran keduanya).<br />
<br />
3. Pengertian Ihsan<br />
Ihsan berasal dari bahasa arab, yaitu dari ahsana, yuhsinu, ihsanan, yang artinya berbuat baik atau berbuat kebaikan. Misalnya dalam Al-quran disebutkan :<br />
<br />
Artinya : Maka barangsiapa yang mendapat suatu pema'afan dari saudaranya, hendaklah (yang mema'afkan) mengikuti dengan cara yang baik,<br />
<br />
4. Hubugan antara Iman, Islam dan Ihsan<br />
Adapun kaitan antara ketiga hal tersebut yaitu Iman berkaitan dengan aqidah, Islam berkaitan dengan syariah, dan Ihsan berkaitan dengan khuluqiya. Dari ketiga hal diatas maka dalam perkembangan ilmu keislaman, ilmu terkelompokan menjadi Aqidah, fiqih, dan Akhlaq. <br />
Diantara pengelompokan kata dalam agama islam ialah iman, islam dan ihsan. Berdasarkan sebuah hadist yang terkenal, ketiga istilah itu memberikan umat ide tentang rukun iman, rukun islam dan penghayatan terhadap tuhan yang maha Hadir dalam hidup.<br />
Setiap pemeluk islam mengetahui dengan pasti bahwa islam tidak absah tanpa iman, dan iman tidak sempurna tanpa ihsan. Dari pengertian tersebut memiliki arti masing-masing istilah terkait satu dengan yang lain. Bahkan tumpang tindih sehingga satu dari ketiga istilah tersebut mengandung makna dua istilah yang lainnya. Dari pengertian inilah kita mengerti bahwa islam, iman dan ihsan adalah trilogy ajaran Ilahi<br />
<br />
5. Usur-usur Iman<br />
a. Unsur keyakinan dalam hati<br />
Keyakinan dalam hati merupakan bagian dari iman yang utama. Orang yang mengucapkan iman dengan lidahnya dan mengamalkan dengan segenap perbuatan anggota badan, tetapi tidak disertai dengan pengakuan dalam hati tidaklah disebut iman. Allah berfirman :<br />
•• • <br />
Artinya : Di antara manusia ada yang mengatakan: "Kami beriman kepada Allah dan hari kemudian," pada hal mereka itu Sesungguhnya bukan orang-orang yang beriman. Mereka hendak menipu Allah dan orang-orang yang beriman, padahal mereka Hanya menipu dirinya sendiri sedang mereka tidak sadar. <br />
<br />
b. Unsur Ucapan (Qawl)<br />
Unsur ucapan (Qawl) yaitu membenarkan ucapannya terhadap apa-apa yang diyakininya. Namun tidak hanya ucapannya saja, melainkan juga harus disertai hati dan perbuatan. Allah Berfirman :<br />
• •• <br />
Artinya : Sesungguhnya orang-orang munafik itu menipu Allah, dan Allah akan membalas tipuan mereka[364]. dan apabila mereka berdiri untuk shalat mereka berdiri dengan malas. mereka bermaksud riya(dengan shalat) di hadapan manusia. dan tidaklah mereka menyebut Allah kecuali sedikit sekali (Q.S. Al-Nisa, 4 : 142)<br />
<br />
c. Unsur Perbuatan<br />
Perbuatan atau amal yang sesuai dengan yang diimani, yaitu amal yang diridhai Allah dan Rasul-Nya, atau amal shalihat. <br />
• •• •• <br />
Artinya : Dan demikian (pula) kami Telah menjadikan kamu (umat Islam), umat yang adil dan pilihan agar kamu menjadi saksi atas (perbuatan) manusia dan agar Rasul (Muhammad) menjadi saksi atas (perbuatan) kamu. dan kami tidak menetapkan kiblat yang menjadi kiblatmu (sekarang) melainkan agar kami mengetahui (supaya nyata) siapa yang mengikuti Rasul dan siapa yang membelot. dan sungguh (pemindahan kiblat) itu terasa amat berat, kecuali bagi orang-orang yang Telah diberi petunjuk oleh Allah; dan Allah tidak akan menyia-nyiakan imanmu. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Pengasih lagi Maha Penyayang kepada manusia. (Q.S. Al-Baqarah, 2 : 143)<br />
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6. Perbedaan antara percaya, yakin, dan iman serta aliran kepercayaan dan agama<br />
a. Perbedaan antara percaya, yakin, dan iman<br />
Kata ‘yakin‘ dalam KBBI berarti percaya (tahu, mengerti) sungguh-sungguh dan (merasa) pasti (tentu, tidak salah lagi). Maka ketika kita menyatakan “Yakin terhadap ” maka secara harfiahnya menurut tata bahasa Indonesia kita percaya secara sungguh-sungguh dan merasa pasti akan adanya . Sedangkan kata ‘iman‘ dalam KBBI berarti kepercayaan (yang berkenaan dng agama), keyakinan dan kepercayaan kepada Allah, nabi, kitab, dsb, atau ketetapan hati, keteguhan batin, keseimbangan batin. Sedangkan guru pendidikan agama Islam kita dahulu mungkin memberikan defenisi yang berbeda-beda mengenai iman seperti “percaya dan yakin” atau “percaya, meyakini dan mengamalkan”.<br />
Islam sebagai suatu kesempurnaan tidak mengenal istilah percaya dan yakin atau percaya kemudian yakin. Dalam Islam hanya ada satu istilah yang mencakup tiga aspek manusiawi (fisik, hati, ruh) yaitu iman. Seseorang yang beriman adalah yang fisiknya mengucapkan keimanannya dengan lisan, menisbatkan dalam hatinya, dan mewujudkan keimanan tersebut dalam akhlaknya. Seseorang yang beriman tidak hanya berucap namun meninggalkan satu atau dua aspek keimanan yang lain. Misalnya, tokoh bang Madit Musyawaroh dalam sinetron Islam KTP di salah satu televisi swasta nasional, mengaku beriman serta sering berucap lisannya akan keimanannya pada namun akhlaknya jauh daripada ajaran Islam. Sering berbuat riya, syirik kecil sampai besar, tidak menjaga hak saudaranya, zhalim terhadap istri dan pembantunya, dan lain-lain kelakuan tokoh tersebut yang bisa kita ambil pelajaran.<br />
Islam sebagai suatu kesempurnaan meletakkan iman sebagai pondasinya dengan perihal sederhana untuk membangunnya. Dalam berbagai kesempatan, Rasulullah (SAW) sering ditanya mengenai iman baik oleh teman maupun lawan. Dan menurut shirah Rasulullah (SAW) memberikan jawaban yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan si penanya.<br />
مرة واحدة عندما وطعن مرة واحدة عن النبي (ص) من قبل قريش الوثنية المعنوية سيئة السمعة. "يا محمد، قل لي ما هو الإيمان؟" بحزم وهكذا كان النبي (ص) أجاب: "الإيمان لا إله إلا الله". وفي مناسبة أخرى واحدا من بني هاشم أحد أقارب الذين لم اعتنق الإسلام النبي قال ايضا "يا عمي ابنه أحمد، وشرح لي ما هو الإيمان "، فان النبي (ص) أجاب بهدوء:" الإيمان هو عندما تقول ". في هذه الأثناء، والنبي عندما أحد الأصدقاء وطلب تفسيرا للدين الكمال، (ص) أجاب:" إذا أنت تؤمن بالله والملائكة والرسل، الكتاب المقدس، وفي اليوم الأخير، "(رواه البخاري - مسلم).<br />
Artinya : Suatu ketika Rasulullah (SAW) pernah ditantang oleh seorang kafir Quraisy yang terkenal buruk akhlaknya. “Wahai Muhammad, katakan padaku apa itu iman?!” Maka dengan tegas pun Rasulullah (SAW) menjawab, “Iman adalah LAA ILAAHA ILLALLAAH (tiada ilah selain ).”Pada kesempatan lain seorang bani Hasyim salah seorang kerabat jauh Rasulullah yang belum memeluk Islam pula bertanya, “Wahai Ahmad anak pamanku, terangkan padaku apa itu iman,” Maka Rasulullah (SAW) menjawab dengan tenang, “Iman adalah apabila engkau berkata Asyhadu alla ilaa ha illALLAH..”Sementara itu ketika seorang sahabat meminta penjelasan mengenai iman yang sempurna, maka Rasulullah (SAW) menjawab, “Apabila engkau beriman kepada , malaikatnya, rasulnya, kitabnya, dan yaumul akhir,” (HR. Bukhari – Muslim).<br />
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b. Perbedaan antara kepercayaan dan agama<br />
1) Agama adalah suatu ajaran yang menuntun umat manusia kedalam jalan kebenaran. Untuk dapat disebut sebagai agama harus memiliki kriteria sbb:<br />
a) Menuntun umatnya agar memiliki kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan yang Maha Esa<br />
b) Memiliki guru besar atau disebut juga Nabi.<br />
c) Memiliki suatu ajaran bagaimana untuk menuju jalan kebenaran.<br />
d) Memiliki umat yang mengakui kebenaran ajarannya.<br />
e) Tidak akan pudar karena waktu atau dapat dibuktikan kebenarannya karena waktu.<br />
2) Kepercayaan adalah suatu perasaan atau keyakinan bahwa apa yang diyakini tersebut adalah benar. Kepercayaan memiliki kriteria sbb:<br />
a) Memiliki Obyek.<br />
b) Bersifat Subyektif atau Penilaian diri sendiri.<br />
c) Bersifat tidak tetap.<br />
<br />
C. Pegertian Iman Kepada Allah<br />
1. Pegertian Iman Kepada Allah<br />
Iman Kepada Allah adalah kita mempercayai dengan sepenuh hati bahwa Allah itu ada, yang mempunyai sifat kesempurnaan dan jauh dari sifat kekurangan. Allah mempunyai sifat yang wajib bagi dzat-Nya, yang mustahil bagi dzat-Nya, dan sifat jaiz bagi dzat-Nya. Kepercayaan tersebut tidak hanya terhujam dalam hati saja, melainkan harus juga diucapkan dengan lisan dan dinyatakan dalam perbuatan. Rasulullah SAW bersabda.<br />
اَلْاِيْمَانُ بِااللّٰهِ اِقْرَارٌبِاللِسَانِ وَتَصْدِيْقٌ بِالقَلْبِ وَعَمَلٌ بِالاَرْكاَنِ<br />
Artinya<br />
: “Iman kepada Allah ialah mengucapkan dengan lisan, membenarkan dengan hati dan mengamalkan dengan anggota badan.” (HR. Asy-Syirazi dari Aisyah)<br />
<br />
Berdasarkan hadits tersebut diatas, kita dapat memahami bahwa iman itu terdiri dari tiga unsur yang harus dipenuhi, yakni sebagai berikut :<br />
a. Adanya pengakuan yang diucapkan dengan lisan<br />
b. Adanya keyakinan (pembenaran) yang dilakukan oleh hati<br />
c. Adanya amalan yang dilakukan oleh anggota badan <br />
2. Kedudukan dan Fungsi beriman kepada allah<br />
a. Kedudukan iman Kepada Allah dan hari akhir<br />
1) Kedudukan iman Kepada Allah<br />
Iman dalam Dienul Islam menempati posisi amat penting dan strategis sekali. Karena iman adl asas dan dasar bagi seluruh amal perbuatan manusia. Tanpa iman tidaklah sah dan diterima amal perbuatannya. Firman Allah SWT dalam Qur’an Surah An-Nisa’ 124 <br />
• <br />
Artinya<br />
: “Barangsiapa yang mengerjakan amal-amal shaleh baik laki-laki maupun wanita sedang ia orang yang beriman maka mereka itu masuk ke dalam surga dan mereka tidak dianiaya walau sedikitpun.”<br />
<br />
Juga dalam Qur’an Surah Al-Isra’ 19 <br />
• <br />
Artinya<br />
: “Dan barangsiapa yang menghendaki kehidupan akhirat dan berusaha ke arah itu dengan sungguh-sungguh sedang ia adl mu’min maka mereka itu adl orang-orang yang usahanya dibalasi dengan baik.” <br />
<br />
2) Kedudukan Iman Kepada Hari Akhir<br />
Iman kepada hari akhir/hari kemudian, yang berarti mengimani semua peristiwa yang diberitakan dalam ayat-ayat al-Qur’an dan hadits-hadits shahih dari Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam yang terjadi setelah kematian, adalah salah satu rukun iman yang wajib diyakini oleh setiap orang yang beriman kepada Allah Ta’ala dan kebenaran agama-Nya.<br />
Bahkan karena tingginya kedudukan iman kepada hari akhir, Allah Ta’ala dalam banyak ayat al-Qur’an sering menggandengkan antara iman kepada-Nya dan iman kepada hari akhir. Hal ini dikarenakan orang yang tidak beriman kepada hari akhir maka tidak mungkin dia beriman kepada Allah Ta’ala, sebab orang yang tidak beriman kepada hari akhir dia tidak akan mengerjakan amal shaleh, karena seseorang tidak akan mengerjakan amal shaleh kecuali dengan mengharapkan balasan kemuliaan dan karena takut siksaan-Nya pada hari pembalasan kelak.<br />
Oleh karena itu, Allah Ta’ala menggambarkan sifat orang-orang yang tidak beriman kepada hari akhir dalam firman-Nya,<br />
<br />
{وَقَالُوا مَا هِيَ إِلا حَيَاتُنَا الدُّنْيَا نَمُوتُ وَنَحْيَا وَمَا يُهْلِكُنَا إِلا الدَّهْرُ}<br />
Artinya<br />
: Dan mereka berkata: “Kehidupan ini tidak lain hanyalah kehidupan di dunia saja, kita mati dan kita hidup, dan tidak ada yang membinasakan kita selain masa (waktu)” (al-Jaatsiyah:24)[1].<br />
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b. Fugsi Iman Kepada Allah dan Hari Akhir<br />
1) Fungsi iman kepada Allah<br />
a) Mengakui dan menyakini akan kebesaran Allah SWT<br />
b) Menyadari akan sifat kedoiyan kita jika dibandingkan dengan keagungan Allah SWT.<br />
c) Dengan menyakini kebesaran Allah, sehingga kita beribadah hanya kepada Allah SWT.<br />
d) Dengan beriman kepada Allah SWT, kita beramal hanya semata-mata mencari keridoan-Nya <br />
e) Dengan beriman kepada Allah SWT, kita menyakini bahwa Allah SWT selalu berada dekat dengan kita, menjadi hambatan hati serta menjiwai seluruh kegiatan kita.<br />
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2) Fungsi Iman Kepada Hari Akhir<br />
a) Menambah iman serta ketaqwaan kepada Allah SWT<br />
b) Lebih taat kepada Allah dan Rasulullah SAW dengan menghindarkan diri dari perbuatan maksiat<br />
c) Senantiasa hidup dengan hati-hati, waspada, dan selalu meminta ampunan kepada Allah SWT<br />
d) Memberi motivasi untuk beramal dan beribadah karena segala perbuatan baik akan mendapat balasan di akhirat<br />
e) Selalu menghiasi diri dengan berzikir kepada Allah SWT sehingga jiwa menjadi tenang<br />
3. Cara-cara beriman kepada Allah<br />
a) Beriman dengan adanya Allah :<br />
1) Allah telah memberikan fithrah (insting) kepada setiap makhluk untuk beriman kepada Penciptanya. Seperti firman Allah : <br />
•• •• <br />
Artinya : “Maka hadapkanlah wajahmu dengan lurus kepada agama (Allah); (tetaplah atas) fitrah Allah yang telah menciptakan manusia menurut fitrah itu.Tidak ada perubahan pada fitrah Allah.(Itulah) agama yang lurus; tetapi kebanyakan manusia tidak mengetahui, (QS. Ar-Rumm :30)”<br />
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2) Akal sehat menunjukkan bahwa alam semesta ini mempunyai sang pencipta. Sesungguhnya makhluk-makhluk ini, generasi terdahulu dan yang menyusulnya, harus ada sang pencipta yang mengadakannya. Dia tidak mungkin menciptakan dirinya sendiri, dan tidak ada secara kebetulan. Maka, pastilah bahwa dia mempunyai pencipta. Dia-lah Allah Rabb semesta alam. Seperti firman Allah : <br />
<br />
Artinya : “Apakah mereka diciptakan tanpa sesuatupun ataukah mereka yang menciptakan (diri mereka sendiri) Ataukah mereka telah menciptakan langit dan bumi itu; sebenarnya mereka tidak meyakini (apa yang mereka katakan). (QS. Ath-Thur :35-36)”<br />
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3) Perasaan menunjukkan adanya Allah. Sesungguhnya kita melihat silih bergantinya malam dan siang, rizqi manusia dan hewan, mengatur urusan semua makhluk, memberikan indikasi yang pasti terhadap ada-Nya: Allah mempergantikan malam dan siang.Sesungguhnya pada yang demikian itu, terdapat pelajaran yang besar bagi orang-orang yang mempunyai penglihatan. (QS. An-Nur :44)<br />
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4) Allah memperkuat para rasul dan nabi-Nya dengan tanda-tanda dan mukjizat yang dilihat atau didengar manusia. Mukjizat merupakan perkara-perkara yang berada di luar batas kemampuan manusia. Allah memperkuat dan menolong para rasul-Nya dengan mukjizat tersebut. Ini merupakan tanda yang pasti terhadap adanya yang mengutus mereka, Dia-lah Allah. Seperti, Allah membuat api menjadi dingin dan keselamatan terhadap Ibrahim, membelah laut bagi Musa, menghidupkan orang mati bagi Isa, dan membelah bulan bagi Muhammad.<br />
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5) Sudah sekian banyak Allah mengabulkan orang-orang yang berdoa, memberi kepada orang-orang yang meminta, menolong orang-orang yang kesusahan, yang menunjukkan ada, mengetahui, dan berkuasa-Nya.<br />
1) Firman Allah;<br />
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Artinya : (Ingatlah), ketika kamu memohon pertolongan kepada Rabbmu, lalu diperkenankan-Nya bagimu :"Sesungguhnya Aku akan mendatangkan bala bantuan kepadamu dengan seribu malaikat yang datang bertutut-turut". (QS. Al-Anfaal :9)<br />
2) Firman Allah:<br />
• <br />
Artinya : dan (ingatlah kisah) Ayub, ketika ia menyeru Rabbnya:"(Ya Rabbku), sesungguhnya aku telah ditimpa penyakit dan Engkau adalah Yang Maha Penyayang di antara semua penyayang". <br />
Maka Sayapun memperkenankan seruannya itu, lalu Saya lenyapkan penyakit yang ada padanya dan Saya kembalikan keluarganya kepadanya, dan Saya lipat gandakan bilangan mereka, sebagai suatu rahmat dari sisi Saya dan untuk menjadi peringatan bagi semua yang menyembah Allah. (QS. Al-Anbiya`:83-84)<br />
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b) Beriman dan Percaya bahwa Allah adalah Rabb satu-satunya, tiada sekutu bagi-Nya:<br />
Rabb adalah yang memiliki ciptaan, kerajaan, dan perkara. Maka, tiada yang menciptakan kecuali Allah, tiada yang menjadi raja selain Allah, dan semua perkara adalah milik-Nya. Makhluk adalah makhluk-Nya, kerajaan adalah kerajaan-Nya, dan perkara adalah perkara-Nya. Yang Maha Perkasa lagi Maha Penyayang, Yang Maha Kaya lagi Maha Terpuji. Mengasihi apabila diminta kasih sayang-Nya, mengampuni apabila diminta ampunan-Nya, memberi apabila diminta, dan mengabulkan bila dimohon. Yang hidup kekal lagi terus menerus mengurus (makhluk-Nya), tidak pernah mengantuk dan tidak pula tidur.<br />
1) Firman Allah:<br />
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Artinya : Ingatlah, menciptakan dan memerintah hanyalah hak Allah. Maha Suci Allah, Tuhan semesta alam (QS. Al-A’Raaf : 54)<br />
2) Firman Allah:<br />
<br />
Artinya : Kepunyaan Allah-lah kerajaan langit dan bumi dan apa yang ada di dalamnya; dan Dia Maha Kuasa atas segala sesuatu. (QS. Al-Maidah:120)<br />
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c) Beriman kepada uluhiyah Allah:<br />
Kita mengetahui dan meyakini bahwa hanya Allah saja ilah yang sebenarnya, tidak ada sekutu bagi-Nya. Hanya Diayang berhak disembah. Dia-lah Rabb semesta alam, ilah alam jagad raya. Kita menyembah-Nya dengan cara yang Dia syari'atkan, disertai kesempurnaan hina kepada-Nya, kesempurnaan cinta dan kesempurnaan pengagungan.<br />
Kita mengetahui dan meyakini bahwa sebagaimana Allah Maha Esa dalam rububiyah-Nya, tidak ada sekutu bagi-Nya. Maka, demikian pula Dia Maha Esa pada uluhiyah-Nya, tiada ada sekutu bagi-Nya. Maka, kita hanya menyembah-Nya saja, tiada sekutu bagi-Nya dan kita menjauhi penyembahan kepada selain-Nya. Firman Allah: Dan Ilah kamu adalah Ilah Yang Maha Esa; Tidak ada Ilah melainkan Dia, Yang Maha Pemurah lagi Maha Penyayang. (QS. Al-Baqarah:163)<br />
Setiap yang disembah selain Allah, maka uluhiyahnya adalah batil dan penyembahan kepadanya adalah batil. (Kuasa Allah) yang demikian itu, adalah karena sesungguhnya Allah, Dialah (Rabb) yang Haq dan sesungguhnya apa saja yang mereka seru selain Allah, itulah yang batil, dan sesungguhnya Allah, Dialah yang Maha Tinggi lagi Maha Besar. (QS. Al-Hajj :62)<br />
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d) Beriman kepada Asma` dan Sifat Allah:<br />
Pengertiannya: memahaminya, menghapalnya, mengakuinya, menyembah kepada Allah dengannya, dan mengamalkan tuntutannya. Mengenal sifat-sifat keagungan, kebesaran, kemuliaan, dan keagungan Allah mengisi hati semua hamba dengan rasa takut dan pengagungan terhadap-Nya.<br />
Mengenal sifat kemuliaan, kemampuan, kekuasaan mengisi hati dengan sifat hina, tunduk, dan merendahkan diri di hadapan Rabb-nya. Mengenal sifat-sifat kasih sayang, kebaikan, kemurahan, dan pemberi mengisi hati dangan rasa ingin dan berharap pada karunia, kebaikan, dan kemurahan Allah.<br />
Mengenal sifat ilmu dan meliputi mengharuskan bagi hamba sifat muraqabah kepada Rabb-nya dalam segala gerakan diamnya.Gabungan semua sifat ini mengharuskan bagi sifat mahabbah (cinta), rindu, tenang, tawakkal, dan mendekatkan diri kepada Allah saja, tidak ada sekutu bagi-Nya.<br />
Kita mengetahui dan meyakini bahwa Allah Maha Esa, Dia mempunyai nama-nama yang indah dan sifat-sifat yang tinggi dan kita berdoa kepada-Nya dengannya:<br />
1) Firman Allah:<br />
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Artinya : Hanya milik Allah asma-ul husna, maka bermohonlah kepada-Nya dengan menyebut asma-ul husna itu dan tinggalakanlah orang-orang yang menyimpang dari kebenaran dalam (menyebut) nama-nama-Nya. Nanti mereka akan mendapat balasan terhadap apa yang telah mereka kerjakan. (QS. Al-A'raaf :180)<br />
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2) Dari Abu Hurairah t, bahwasanya Allah bersabda, "Sesungguhnya Allah mempunyai 99 nama, seratus kurang satu. Barangsiapa yang dapat menghitungnya niscaya ia masuk surga." Muttafqun 'alaih. <br />
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Cara Taat Kepada Allah<br />
1) Apabila telah masuk waktu shalat, segeralah kerjakan shalat, dengan tertib dengan tidak terburu-buru<br />
2) Membiasakan membaca Al-Qur’an<br />
3) Jika datang bulan Ramadhan, berpuasa<br />
4) Jujur, sopan santun kepada semua orang<br />
5) Menurut nasehat ibu, ayah dan guru<br />
6) Jangan sekali-kali mengambil barang orang lain<br />
7) Jangan menjadi anak yang sombong<br />
8) Bersyukur jika mendapat kesenangan<br />
9) Bersabar dalam menghadapi cobaan<br />
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4. Al-Baqarah ayat 177<br />
• • • <br />
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Artinya<br />
: Bukanlah menghadapkan wajahmu ke arah timur dan barat itu suatu kebajikan, akan tetapi Sesungguhnya kebajikan itu ialah beriman kepada Allah, hari Kemudian, malaikat-malaikat, kitab-kitab, nabi-nabi dan memberikan harta yang dicintainya kepada kerabatnya, anak-anak yatim, orang-orang miskin, musafir (yang memerlukan pertolongan) dan orang-orang yang meminta-minta; dan (memerdekakan) hamba sahaya, mendirikan shalat, dan menunaikan zakat; dan orang-orang yang menepati janjinya apabila ia berjanji, dan orang-orang yang sabar dalam kesempitan, penderitaan dan dalam peperangan. mereka Itulah orang-orang yang benar (imannya); dan mereka Itulah orang-orang yang bertakwa<br />
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5. Ciri-ciri orang beriman dan bertaqwa berdasarkan surat Al-Baqarah : 177<br />
a. Memiliki keimanan yang kokoh, yaitu percaya kepada rukun iman yang enam (iman kepada Allah, malaikat-malaikat, kitab-kitab, para rasul, hari akhir dan hal-hal yang bersifat ghaib<br />
b. Memiliki kepekaan sosial, yaitu berinfak baik dalam keadaan lapang maupun sempit, dengan menyalurkan sebagian rezekinya kepada kaum kerabatnya, anak-anak yatim, orang-orang miskin, musafir dan orang-orang yang meminta-minta serta orang yang susah lainnya. <br />
c. Selalu melakukan hubungan vertical dengan Tuhan, yaitu senantiasa melaksanaka shalat lima waktu sesuai dengan ketentuan syari’at <br />
d. Selalu membayar zakat dari harta yang dimilkinya sebagai wujud dari rasa syukur kepada Allah atas rezeki yang diterimanya dan rasa kepeduliaan kepada nasib orang lain<br />
e. Berakhlak mulia yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk keteetapan dalam melaksanakan janji, kemampuan menahan amarah dan mau memaafkan kesalahan orang lain<br />
f. Bersifat tabah dalam menghadapi cobaan dan ujian dari tuhan seraya memohon bimbingan-Nya<br />
g. Selalu berlomba-lomba dalam beramal utuk memperoleh kebahagiaan hidup di akhirat yaitu masuk kedalam syurga yang menyenangkan<br />
h. Selalu bertaubat, yakni memohon ampunan dari segala dosa yang diperbuatnya diiringi dengan rasa menyesal dan diikuti pula dengan melakukan perbuatan yang baik<br />
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D. Pengertian dan contoh perbuatan Munafik, Fasik, Syirik dan Kafir beserta dalil naqlinya<br />
1. Munafik<br />
Munafik berasal dari bahasa Arab yang berarti orang yang melahirkan sesuatu yang berlawanan dengan apa yang terkandung dihatinya sedangkan secara istilah munafik artinya orang yang lahiriyahnya mengaku beriman kepada Allah sedangkan hatinya tidak mengimaninya. <br />
Munafik adalah orang yang termasuk golongan orang yang tidak mendapat hidayah atau petunjuk dari Allah, sehingga jalan hidupnya yang ditempuhi tidaklah mengandungi nilai-nilai ibadah dan segala amal yang dikerjakan tidak mencari keredhaan Allah. <br />
Orang munafik adalah orang yang bermuka dua, mengaku beriman padahal hatinya ingkar. Perbuatan orang munafik disebut Nifaq. Mereka ini hanya pada mulutnya saja, kemudian dalam perbuatannya sehari-hari tampak baik, tapi hanya tipu belaka saja. <br />
Artinya segala amal perbuatan yang dikerjakan itu bukan ditegakkan di atas dasar keimanan dan ketaqwaan terhadap Allah, akan tetapi hanya didasarkan pada perasaan dan hawa nafsunya semata-mata untuk mencari muka, penampilan, mengambil hati dalam masyarakat dan pandangan orang belaka. Segala perbuatan baiknya itu hanya dijadikan tempat berlindung untuk menutupi segala keburukan I’tikad dan niatnya.<br />
Tanda-tanda munafik. <br />
a) Ingin menipu daya Allah. <br />
Firman Allah: <br />
•• • <br />
Artinya : “Dan diantara manusia ada yang mengatakan,’aku beriman kepada Allah dan kepada hari kemudian,’padahal mereka itu sesungguhnya bukan orang yang beriman.Mereka itu hendak menipu Allah berserta orang yang beriman, padahal mereka hanya menipu dirinya sendiri,sedang mereka tidak sedar” [Qs Al Baqarah: 8-9] <br />
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b) Lebih suka memilih orang kafir sebagai pepimpinnya. <br />
Firman Allah maksudnya: <br />
• • • <br />
Artinya : “…..(yaitu) orang yang mengambil orang kafir menjadi teman-teman penolong dengan meninggalkan orang mukmin. Apakah mereka mencari kekuatan disisi orang kafir itu? Maka sesungguhnya semua kekuatan kepunyaan Allah” [Qs An Nisa’ :139]<br />
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c) Tidak ingin diajak berhukum dengan hukum Allah dan RasulNya.<br />
Firman Allah: <br />
<br />
Artinya : “Apabila dikatakan kepada mereka (org munafik):”Marilah kamu (tunduk) kepada hukum yang Allah telah turunkan dan kepada hukum Rasul,” niscaya kamu lihat orang-orang munafik menghalangi (manusia) dengan sekuat-kuatnya dari (mendekati) kamu” [Qs An Nisa:61] <br />
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d) Malas menegakkan solat, tapi kalau solat suka menunjuk-nunjuk (riyak) <br />
Firman Allah: <br />
• •• <br />
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Artinya : “Dan bila mereka berdiri untuk melaksanakan solat, mereka berdiri dengan malas. Mereka bermaksud riyak dihadapan manusia. Dan tidaklah mereka itu menyebut asma Allah, kecuali sedikit sekali [Qs An Nisa:142] <br />
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e) Berdusta apanbila berkata, menyalahi janji dan khinat (pecah amanah)<br />
"علامات المنافقين أن هناك 3 أنواع، مثل الكذب إذا القول، إذا ما انتهك دائما الوعد، وإذا ما أعطيت الثقة (ثقة) الغادرة وليس"(رواه البخاري - مسلم).<br />
Artinya : “Tanda-tanda orang munafik itu ada 3 macam, apabila berkata suka berdusta,apabila berjanji selalu menyalahi dan apabila diberi kepercayaan (amanah) suka khinat” [Hr muslim dan bukhari] <br />
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Pengaruh munafik bagi kehidupan bermasyarakat. <br />
Dalam sejarah telah banyak membuktikan bahawa umat Islam zaman dulu sering diperdaya oleh orang munafik dan hal itu akan berterus sampai zaman sekarang bahkan zaman yang akan datang dari generasi ke generasi. Oleh kerana itu kita umat Islam dimana saja berada hendaknya berhati-hati terhadap orang munafik yang berhasrat mematahkan semangat juang kita umat Islam, memporak-perandakan kekuatan Islam, memadamkan cahaya Allah ditengah-tengah orang Islam dan selalu kerosakan dan kekacauan dimana-mana. <br />
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Artinya : “Mereka (orang munafik) hendak memadamkan cahaya (agama) Allah dengan mulut (ucapan) mereka. Dan Allah telah menyempurkan cahayaNya, meskipun orang kafir membenci.” [Qs Asy-Shaf;8]<br />
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Contoh : seseorang mengaku beriman kepada Allah namun dalam prakteknya dia enggan melaksanakan Perintah-Nya dan melaksanakan Larangannya. <br />
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2. Fasik<br />
Fasik berasal dari bahasa Arab Fasaqa,Yufsuqu, Fisqan, Fusuq, yang berarti keluar dari jaran yang benar, durhaka. Sedagkan dari segi istilah, fasik mengacu kepada orang Islam yang secara sadar melanggar ajaran agamanya. <br />
Contoh : seorang yang muslim dengan sengaja berpindah agama. Dari Islam ke agama lain. Padahal dia tau itu dilarang tapi dia tetap menjalankannya.<br />
Dan orang Tersebut dijelaskan dalam Alquran : <br />
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Artinya<br />
: Dan janganlah kamu seperti orang-orang yang lupa kepada Allah, lalu Allah menjadikan mereka lupa kepada mereka sendiri. mereka Itulah orang-orang yang fasik.<br />
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3. Syirik<br />
Syirik berasal dari bahasa Arab Asyraka, Yusyriku, Isyrak yang berarti menyekutukan. Sedangkan dari segi istilah berarti orang yang menyekutukan Allah dengan sesuatu yang ia yakini dan meyerupai tuhan, baik dalam zat, sifat, ataupun dalam perbuatan. <br />
Contoh : Meminta pertolongan kepada seorang dukun<br />
Syrik termasuk salah satu sikap yang dilarang oleh Allah, bahkan dianggap sebagai salah satu dosa besar. Firman Allah SWT : <br />
• <br />
Artinya<br />
: Sesungguhnya Allah tidak akan mengampuni dosa syirik, dan dia mengampuni segala dosa yang selain dari (syirik) itu, bagi siapa yang dikehendaki-Nya. barangsiapa yang mempersekutukan Allah, Maka sungguh ia Telah berbuat dosa yang besar.<br />
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4. Kafir<br />
Kafir bermakna orang yang ingkar,yang tidak beriman (tidak percaya) atau tidak beragama Islam. Dengan kata lain orang kafir adalah orang yang tidak mahu memperhatikan serta menolak terhadap segala hukum Allah atau hukum Islam disampaikan melalui para Rasul (Muhammad SAW) atau para penyampai dakwah/risalah. Perbuatan yang semacam ini disebut dengan kufur. <br />
Kufur pula bermaksud menutupi dan menyamarkan sesuatu perkara. Sedangkan menurut istilah ialah menolak terhadap sesuatu perkara yang telah diperjelaskan adanya perkara yang tersebut dalam Al Quran. Penolakan tersebut baik langsung terhadap kitabnya ataupun menolak terhadap rasul sebagai pembawanya. <br />
Firman Allah :<br />
• <br />
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Artinya : ‘Sesungguhnya orang kafir kepada Allah dan RasulNya, dan bermaksud memperbezakan antara Allah dan RasulNya seraya (sambil) mengatakan:’Kami beriman kepada yang sebahagian (dari Rasul itu / ayat Al Quran) dan kami kafir (ingkar) terhadap sebahagian yang lain. Serta bermaksud (dengan perkataanya itu) mengambil jalan lain diantara yang demikian itu (iman dan kafir). Merekalah orang kafir yang sebenar-benarnya. Kami telah menyediakan untuk mereka itu seksaan yang menghinakan” [Qs An Nisa, 150-151] <br />
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Pembahagian Kafir. <br />
a) Kafir yang sama sekali tidak percaya akan adanya Allah, baik dari segi zahir dan batin seperti Raja Namrud dan Firaun. <br />
b) Kafir jumud (ertinya membantah). Orang kafir jumud ini pada hatinya (pemikirannya) mengakui akan adanya Allah TAPI tidak mengakui dengan lisannya, seperti Iblis dan sebagainya. <br />
c) Kafir ‘Inad .Orang kafir ‘Inad ini, adalah mereka pada hati (pemikiran) dan lisannya (sebutannya) mengakui terhadap kebenaran Allah, TAPI tidak mahu mengamalkannya , mengikuti atau mengerjakannya seperti Abu Talib. <br />
d) Kafir Nifaq yaitu orang yang munafik. Yang mengakui diluarnya,pada lisannya saja terhadap adanya Allah dan Hukum Allah, bahkan suka mengerjakannya Perintah Allah, TAPI hatinya (pemikirannya) atau batinnya TIDAK mempercayainya. <br />
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Tanda Orang Kafir. <br />
a) Suka pecah belahkan antara perintah dan larangan Allah dengan RasulNya. <br />
b) Kafir (ingkar) perintah dan larangan Allah dan RasulNya. <br />
c) Iman kepada sebahagian perintah dan larangan Allah (dari Ayat Al Quran),tapi menolak sebahagian daripadanya. <br />
d) Suka berperang dijalan Syaitan (Thoghut). <br />
e) Mengatakan Nabi Isa AL Masihi adalah anak Tuhan. <br />
f) Agama menjadi bahan senda gurau atau permainan . <br />
g) Lebih suka kehidupan duniawi sehingga aktiviti yang dikerjakan hanya mengikut hawa nafsu mereka, tanpa menghiraukan hukum Allah yang telah diturunkan. <br />
h) Mengingkari adanya hari Akhirat, hari pembalasan dan syurga dan neraka. <br />
i) Menghalangi manusia ke jalan Allah. <br />
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Hubungan Orang Kafir. <br />
Berhubungan Muslim dengan Orang kafir adalah tidak dilarang, dicegah bahkan dibolehkan oleh Islam, KECUALI adanya perhubungan (bertujuan) yang memusuhi Allah dan RasulNya (Hukum Allah), termasuk merosakkan aqidah Islam.<br />
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BAB III<br />
PENUTUP<br />
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Demikian makalah yang dapat saya susun. Saya menyadari dan meyakini bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Masih banyak kekurangan dan kesalahan yang saya sadari atau pun yang tidak saya sadari. Oleh karena itu saya mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari makalah ini, agar di masa yang akan datang saya bisa membuat makalah yang lebih baik lagi. Namun begitu, meskipun makalah ini jauh dari kata sempurna saya berharap agar makalah ini sedikit banyaknya dapat bermanfaat bagi yang membacanya.<br />
Bagi kita dan generasi akan datang sudah sepatutnya untuk Menyadari bahwa manusia secara fitrah mempunyai naluri terhadap agama dan mengesakan Tuhan. Sekaligus mengingatkan kepada manusia bahwa mereka dulu di alam primodial (Azali) diambil kesakiannya bahwa Tuhan mereka adalah Allah. Kepada para pembaca jika ingin lebih mengetahui tentang bahasan ini bisa membaca buku atau majalah-majalah yang memuat tentang Pembelajaran Menulis yang lebih lengkap.<br />
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KATA PENGANTAR<br />
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Segala puji dan syukur saya panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rezeki dan kesehatan kepada saya sehingga saya mempunyai kesempatan untuk menyelesaikan pembuatan makalah yang dibuat untuk memenuhi tugas UTS mata kuliah Aqidah Akhlak. <br />
Saya menyadari dan meyakini bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Masih banyak kekurangan dan kesalahan yang saya sadari atau pun yang tidak saya sadari. Oleh karena itu saya mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari makalah ini, agar di masa yang akan datang saya bisa membuat makalah yang lebih baik lagi. Namun begitu, meskipun makalah ini jauh dari kata sempurna saya berharap agar makalah ini sedikit banyaknya dapat bermanfaat bagi yang membacanya.<br />
Saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dan mendukung dalam pembuatan makalah ini. Demikian sedikit kata pengantar dari saya atas perhatian para pembaca sekalian saya mengucapkan terima kasih.<br />
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Kuningan, Februari 2012<br />
Penyusun<br />
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DAFTAR ISI<br />
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Kata Pengantar i Daftar Isi ii<br />
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN<br />
A. Latar Belakang Masalah 1<br />
B. Batasan Masalah 2<br />
C. Tujuan yang Ingin dicapai 2<br />
D. Metode Yang Digunakan 2<br />
E. Sistematika Penulisan 2<br />
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BAB II PEMBAHASAN<br />
A. Pengertian Aqidah Islamiah 3<br />
1. Aqidah Islamiah 3<br />
2. Alasan Aqidah Islamiah Tidak Boleh Dirusak 3<br />
3. Ayat Al-Quran Mengenai Aqidah Islamiah 3<br />
4. Macam-Macam Keimanan Yang Terdapat dalam Al-Quran 4<br />
5. Ayat Al-Quran dan Hadits tentang Perintah Taat 5<br />
6. Karakteristik Aqidah Islamiah 5<br />
7. Manfaat Mempelajari Aqidah Islamiah 6<br />
B. Pengertian Iman, Islam, dan Ihsan 10<br />
1. Pengertian Iman 10<br />
2. Pengertian Islam 11<br />
3. Pengertian Ihsan 11<br />
4. Hubungan Antara Iman, Islam, dan Ihsan 11<br />
5. Unsur-Unsur Iman 12<br />
6. Perbedaan Percaya, Yakin dan Iman serta Aliran Kepercayaan dan Agama 14<br />
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C. Pengertian Iman Kepada Allah 16<br />
1. Pengertian Iman Kepada Allah 16<br />
2. Kedudukan dan Fungsi Iman Kepada Allah dan Hari Akhir 17<br />
3. Cara-Cara Beriman Kepada Allah 20<br />
4. Al-Baqarah ayat 177 26<br />
5. Ciri-Ciri Orang yang Beriman dan Bertaqwa berdasarkan Surat Al-Baqarah ayat 177 27<br />
D. Pengertian dan Contoh Perbuatan Munafik, Fasik, Syirik, dan Kafir 28<br />
1. Munafik 28<br />
2. Fasik 31<br />
3. Syrik 32<br />
4. Kafir 32<br />
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BAB III PENUTUP<br />
A. Penutup 35<br />
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<br />yulianihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05665580843037726326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2251383717746990231.post-49235828764526189902012-01-28T02:38:00.000-08:002012-01-28T02:38:10.308-08:00makalah IPS ANTROPOLOGI SOSIAL<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: -2;"><span style="height: 1303px; left: -157px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -326px; width: 1452px;"><img height="1303" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="1452" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KONSEP DASAR ANTROPOLOGI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Tugas <span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Presentasi Kelompok</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">Dosen : Asep Nurdin, S.Th.I, M.Pd</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">Mata Kuliah : ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL (IPS)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt;">Disusun oleh <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelompok 6 :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt;"><span style="height: 92px; left: 0px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 120px; z-index: 2;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="92" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="120"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 2;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Neng Iin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Robi</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table>Ketua <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yuliani<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt;">Anggota<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt;">Semester <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I Rombel B</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 127.6pt;">Prody <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PGMI</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 180.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 180.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 180.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM (STAI)</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-IHYA KUNINGAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2011</span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 36.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">Seorang filsuf China; Lao Chai, pernah berkata bahwa suatu perjalanan yang<b> </b>bermil-mil jauhnya dimulai dengan hanya satu langkah. Pembaca dari materi<b> </b>ini juga baru memulai suatu langkah kedalam lapangan dari suatu bidang<b> </b>ilmu yang disebut dengan Antropologi.<b> </b>Benda apa yang disebut dengan Antropologi itu? Beberapa atau bahkan<b> </b>banyak orang mungkin sudah pernah mendengarnya. Beberapa orang<b> </b>mungkin mempunyai ide-ide tentang Antropologi yang didapat melalui<b> </b>berbagai media baik media cetak maupun media elektronik. Beberapa orang<b> </b>lagi bahkan mungkin sudah pernah membaca literature-literature atau<b> </b>tulisan-tulisan tentang Antropologi</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">Banyak orang berpikir bahwa para ahli Antropologi adalah ilmuwan yang hanya tertarik pada peninggalan-peninggalan masa lalu; Antroplogi bekerja menggali sisa-sisa kehidupan masa lalu untuk mendapatkan pecahan guciguci tua, peralatan –peralatan dari batu dan kemudian mencoba memberi arti dari apa yang ditemukannya itu. Pandangan yang lain mengasosiasikan Antropologi dengan teori Evolusi dan mengenyampingkan kerja dari Sang Pencipta dalam mempelajari kemunculan dan perkembangan mahluk manusia. Masyarakat yang mempunyai pandangan yang sangat keras terhadap penciptaan manusia dari sudut agama kemudian melindungi bahkan melarang anak-anak mereka dari Antroplogi dan doktrin-doktrinnya. Bahkan masih banyak orang awam yang berpikir kalau Antropologi itu bekerja atau meneliti orang-orang yang aneh dan eksotis yang tinggal di daerah-daerah yang jauh dimana mereka masih menjalankan kebiasaan-kebiasaan yang bagi masyarakat umum adalah asing.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">Semua pandangan tentang ilmu Antroplogi ini pada tingkat tertentu ada benarnya, tetapi seperti ada cerita tentang beberapa orang buta yang ingin mengetahui bagaimana bentuk seekor gajah dimana masing-masing orang hanya meraba bagian-bagian tertentu saja sehingga anggapan mereka tentang bentuk gajah itupun menjadi bermacam-macam, terjadi juga pada Antropologi. Pandangan yang berdasarkan informasi yang sepotongsepotong ini mengakibatkan kekurang pahaman masyarakat awam tentang apa sebenarnya Antropologi itu.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Batasan Masalah</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">Adapun batasan Masalah dalam karya tulis ini adalah:</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Menjelaskan<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dasar-dasar antropologi</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Menjelaskan<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">, memecahkan dan menelaah secara kritis dan rasional<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentang berbagai fenomena sosial budaya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan Yang Ingin Dicapai</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">Adapun Tujuan penulis dalam penulisan karya tulis ini adalah<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Sebagai salah satu <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">tugas </span>Presentasi <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mata Pelajaran </span>Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS) semes<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">ter I Prodi PGMI</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memahami dasar-dasar antropologi</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memahami, memecahkan dan menelaah secara kritis dan rasional<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentang berbagai fenomena sosial budaya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode Yang Digunakan</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode deskriftif dengan teknik study kepustakaan atau literature, yaitu pengetahuan yang bersumber dari beberapa media tulis baik berupa buku, litelatur dan media lainnya yang tentu ada kaitannya masalah-masalah yang di bahas di dalam Karya tulis ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang Sejarah Antropologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu Antropologi termasuk ilmu-ilmu sosial yang lain mempunyai sejarah tersendiri. Antropologi disebut ilmu yang <b><i>baru atau</i></b> <b><i>muda </i></b>karena perkembangan antropologi relatif baru. Sedangkan antopologi disebut ilmu yang tua karena sejarahnya terutama bagian antropologi yang disebut dengan <b><i>Etnografi </i></b>telah dikerjakan orang dari berbagai bangsa di dunia sudah lebih dari 500 tahun yang lalu. Walaupun Antropologi dikatakan ilmu yang relatif muda. Karena sebagai ilmu pengetahuan baru berkembang abad ke XX. Namun Antropologi telah ada sejak lama (terutama obyeknya, yaitu manusia), dengan menitik beratkan studinya pada kelompokkelompok manusia dan tergolong dalam ilmu sosial, maka sesungguhnya antropologi telah ada sejak manusia itu ada.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Herodatus disebut sebagai bapak etnografi. Karena menulis bangsa Mesir, yang dianggap tulisan etnografi yang terkuno. Tulisannya masih bersifat subyektif dan mengandung perasangka yang kurang baik terhadap bangsa lain. Selanjutnya dia berkata: Bangsa di luar Yunani adalah bangsa <b><i>“barbar” </i></b>yang berarti orang yang berbicara “<b><i>gagap” </i></b>dan dikatakan sebagai bangsa yang setengah liar. Herodatus selanjutnya mengatakan bahwa orang <b>Mesir, </b>orang <b>Libia </b>dan <b>Persia </b>dianggap belum beradab.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etnografi oleh Dinasti Han</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulisan etnografi juga dilakukan oleh<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>bangsa Tionghoa dan bangsa India.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Walaupun tidak secara metodik dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>sistemmatis kedua bangsa tersebut telah<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>menulis tentang keadaan mereka sendiri<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>ataupun menulis tentang bangsa di luar<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>mereka.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Di Cina<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Ada cacatan etnografi bangsa Tiongkok<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>yang ditulis pada jaman Dinasti Han<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>mengenai bangsa Han Nu yang bergerak<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>(nomaden) di Tiongkok Sebelah Barat<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Ibnu Batutah yang dilahirkan di<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Tanger<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Ia lahir 1304 dan meninggal tahun 1377<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>berkebangsaan Arab melakukan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>pengembaraan di daerah Asia tengah.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Ia menulis tentang bangsa-bangsa<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Konstantinopel yang di duduki bangsa<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Turki, sehingga bangsa-bangsa Eropa<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>tidak bisa berdagang lagi dengan Dunia<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Timur melalui jalan tradisional, yaitu<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>melalui Euphrat, Trigis dan Teluk Persia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian orang-orang Eropa mencari<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>jalan baru baik melalui kutup utara<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>ataupun melalui Afrika Selatan dengan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>maksud sampai di Asia Tengah.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Rombongan- rombongan itu biasanya<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>diikuti oleh paderi-paderi dan dari mereka<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>bahan-bahan etnografi dari berbagai<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>bangsa dan suku bangsa dapat diperoleh.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Marcopolo </span></b>bukunya <b><i>“ kitab tentang</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">kerajaan & keajaiban di dunia Timur“ </span></i></b>menguraikan pengalamannya selama 20<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>tahun mengembara di Asia. Ia juga pernah<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>tinggal cukup lama di istana Khu Bilai<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Khan dan menemukan keanehankeanehan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>misalnya dipergunakan uang<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>yang dibuat dari kertas dan diberi cap<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>serta tanda tangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas-kertas tersebut mempunyai<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>bermacam- macam nilai. Menurutnya di<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>negeri tersebut telah lebih maju bila<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>dibandingkan dengan Eropa saat itu,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>karena di sana telah ada pengiriman surat<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>yang lebih teratur dan ada jalan besar,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>tempat peristirahatan, dan ada tempat<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>untuk menukar uang dan kuda.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Marcopolo juga pernah singgah di<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Indonesisa<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Di pelabuhan <b><i>Perlec </i></b>dalam bahasa Aceh.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Ia menceritakan kota Aceh saat itu<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>dikunjungi pedagang dari India dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>penduduknya memeluk agama Islam,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>sedang penduduk di pedalaman banyak<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>mengerjakan hal-hal yang haram.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekembalinya mengembara ia dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>keluarganya tiba di Genoa. Nasib malang<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>baginya karena ia dimasukkan penjara<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>ketika Genoa perang melawan Venesia.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Di penjara itu ia menceritakan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>pengalamannya dan menulisannya yang<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>diterbitkan tahun 1447, isinya sangat<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>menakjubkan dan menunjuk kepada<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">keajaiban objek </span></i></b>dunia Timur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada zaman pertengahan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>ini tulisan etnografi yang<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>bersifat subyektif & penilaian terhadap<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>sesuatu dipengaruhi oleh pikiran dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>kepercayaan pada masa itu. Jiwa abad<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>pertengahan adalah kitab Injil atau <b><i>lector</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">devina</span></i></b>, <b><i>kepada siapa seleruh</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pengetahuan mengabdi ?</span></i> </b>Gereja abad pertengahan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>sangat berpengaruh untuk<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>mengatur masyarakat dengan ajaran<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>dogma-dogmanya, dengan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>mengemukakan bahwa <b><i>aturan-aturan</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sosial tidak dapat salah.</span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thomas Aquinas<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Pada zaman pertengahan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>mengemukakan teori-teori yang bersifat<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>spekulatif, karena keterangan-keterangan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>tersebut berbeda dengan apa yang ada di<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>ajaran-ajaran kitab suci, maka mulai saat<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>itu justru penulisan etnografi dapat tumbuh<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>dan berkembang dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yosep Prancis Lafitau (1600-1740).<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Etnografi berkembang bersama dia, ia<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>adalah seorang paderi dari bangsa<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Perancis tulisannya berjudul <b><i>“Moeurs des</i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">souvages Americains compares aux</span></i> <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">mours des pramiers temps” </span></i></b>1724. Ia melihat bangsa-bangsa primitif dan tidak dilihatnya sebagai bangsa yang aneh. Karena ia sebagai anggota misionaris agama dan ia berusaha untuk menasranikan bangsa Indian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jens Kref</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Etnografi semakin berkembang berkat tulisan dia dengan judul <b><i>“sejarah pendek</i></b> <b><i>tentang lembaga-lembaga yang</i></b> <b><i>terpenting, adat dan pandanganpandangan</i></b> <b><i>orang liar’ </i></b>1760. Kref sependapat dengan <b><i>Rousseau</i></b> tentang manusia alam yang murni. Tulisan Kref <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ia menulis sejarah umat manusia dengan memperhatikan bangsa-bangsa kuno, ia meneliti bangsa Indian mengenai pertumbuhan, perkembangan, kehidupan ekonomi, masyarakat, agama dan kesenian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adolf Bastian Tulisannya lebih ilmiah dan lebih sistimatis dan senang etnologi. Pandangannya mengenai umat manusia adalah manusia dan kebudayaannya dipengaruhi oleh <b><i>milliue geografis </i></b>yang menyebabkan sifat-sifat khusus dari kebudayaan yang beranekaragam. Tiap-tiap kebudayaan akan berkembang dan tumbuh sesuai dengan dasarnya dan lingkungannya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Antropologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi berkembang pesat setelah<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>diketemukan dan diketahui adanya hubungan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>antara <b>bahasa Sansekerta, Latin, Yunani dan Germania. </b>Kerena penyelidikannya bersifat historis komparatif dalam kebudayaan yang terus berkembang. Kemudian berdiri museum etnologi dan etnografi diseluruh dunia selama abad ke 19 dan awal abad 20.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Antropologi Di Indonesia</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan antropologi di mulai<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>dengan penelitian adat-istiadat, system kepercayaan, struktur sosial dan kesenian dari suku-suku yang tersebar di seluruh wilayah nusantara sejak zaman penjajahan Belanda. Tulisan-tulisan tersebut digunakan sebagai landasan kebijaksanaan pemerintah kolonial. Penyelidikan dan penulisan dalam rangka pengembangan etnologi dan antropologi sosial oleh perguruan tinggi dimulai setelah penyelidikan bahasa dan budaya. Lembaga tersebut bernama <b><i>“Taal en cultural onderzoek” </i></b>di Universitas Indonesia Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase pertama</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada awal tahun 1800-an negara-negara Eropa Barat melakukkan kolonialisasi atas negara–negara Afrika, Asia dan Amerika. Menurut pandangan orang Eropa bangsabangsa yang dijajah masih primitif, buas dan sering dikatakan bangsa-bangsa yang masih asli, yang belum mengalami perubahan dan kemajuan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase kedua</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada fase ini pertengahan abad 19<b> </b>banyak ditemukan tulisan mengenai aneaka warna kebudayaan dan tingkat evolusinya. Deskripsi mengenai suku bangsa di luar Eropa merupakan kebudayaan yang masih tradisional dan merupakan sisa kebudayaan kuno.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase ketiga</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada awal abad ke 20 ilmu Antropologi mengalami kemajuan, ilmu Antropologi dipergunakan oleh bangsa Eropa untuk mempelajari adat-istiadat dan keabiasaan bangsa yang terjajah. Dengan meangetahui data tentang kebiasaan itu dapat dipergunaklan untuk mempertahankan kolonialismenya di negara yang dijajah tersebut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase keempat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesudah tahun 1930-an ilmu Antropologi mengalami perkembangan luar biasa, dipengaruhi oleh metode ilmiah dalam melakukan penelitian. Masyarakat terjajah mengalami perkembangan, maka Antropologi seakan mengalami kehilangan objek penerlitian. Antropologi mengembangkan metode ilmiah terutama PT di Eropa dan Amerika, dan seluruh dunia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Antropologi </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut <b>etnologinya </b>kata antropologi<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>berasal dari kata yunani <b><i>“Antropo” </i></b>yang berarti manusia dan <b><i>“logy” </i></b>atau <b><i>“logos” </i></b>berarti ilmu yang mempelajari tentang manusia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Ralfh L Beals dan Harry Hoijen : 1954: 2 antropologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajarai manusia dan semua apa yang dikerjakannya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Allan H Smith & John L Fischer Banyak ilmu sosial mempelajari manusia, ilmu antropologi berusaha untuk melihat manusia dengan segala komplekstasnya, atau manusia dengan segala aspeknya. Aspek-aspek itu menyangkut asal mula, perkembangan, sifat, dan ciri-ciri manusia serta kebudayaaannya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhatian Antropologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bekas-bekas kebudayaan manusia zaman purba yang dijadikan dasar untuk mempelajari manusia jaman sekarang ini. Seabad yang lalu Antropologi hanya tertarik mempelajari kelompok-kelompok kecil masyarakat, suku-suku, kebudayaan, kampungkampung sera minoritas, namun sekarang Antropologi telah lebih maju dengan mempelajarai manusia dari berbagai segi atau sudut. Banyaknya kekhususan/cabang Antropologi tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seabad lalu Antropologi hanya tertarik mempelajari kelompok-kelompok kecil masyarakat, suku, kebudayaan, kampung-kampung serta minoritas, namun sekarang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Antropologi telah lebih maju dengan mempelajarai manusia dari berbagai segi atau sudut. Baik yang telah maju maupun primitive</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembagian Antropologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropolgi fisik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tulian Darwin <b><i>”The origin of spicies” </i></b>Antropologi fisik berkembang pesat dengan melakukan penelitian-penelitian terhadap asal mula dan perkembangan manusia. Manusia asalnya monyet, karena makhluk hidup mengalami evolusi.Antropologi ingin membuktikan dengan melakukan berbagai penelitian terhadap kera dan monyet di seluruh dunia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian ingin mengetahui</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah monyet itu poligami atau monogami?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkelompok atau sendiri?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah dapat berkomunikasi ?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana mereka memecahkan masalnya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut digunakan sebagai dasar melakukan penelitian untuk membuktikan apakah asal-usul manusia </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun sampai belum ada jawaban, namun<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>usaha mempelajari asal mula manusia tidak<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>pernah dihentikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi Budaya</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut orang awam membicarakan Antropologi hanyalah berfikir tentang fosilfosil. Memang pemikiran yang demikian tidak selamanya salah karena mempelajari fosil merupakan suatu cabang penelitian Antropologi. Arkheologi pada dasarnya berbeda dengan Antropologi, di mana sesungguhnya arkheologi merupakan salah satu cabang Antropologi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bedanya dengan Antropologi Fisik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi fisik mempelajari manusia dari segi biologi misalnya, bentuk tubuh, warna rambut, warna kulit, dan lainnya,</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi budaya melihat atau mempelajari manusia yang berkaitan dengan materi-materi kebudayaan seperti misalnya, alat-alat hidup, perumahan, kesenian-kesenian, norma, perilaku dan lain sebagainya yang ada dalam masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi Budaya Mencakup:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etnografi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ilmu ini mempelajari mengenai berbagai kebudayaan pada suatu masyarakat secara mendetail pada suatu kenyataan berupa aktivitas nyata masyarakat. Kenyataan diperoleh dari berbagai observasi yang biasanya dilakukan oleh Antropologi budaya. Sebenarnya beberapa tahun yang lalu para ahli tersebut hanya berpegang pada teori untuk memprideksi aktivitas dalam masyarakat, sekarang telah meninggalkan teori-teori itu dan langsung pergi ke lapangan, hidup dengan orang-orang primitif, makan, tinggal, dan ingin mengetahui nilai-nilai serta motivasi mereka.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etnologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para ahli Antropologi menggunakan datadata etnografi dan teori-teori kemudian membandingkannya dengan berbagai kebudayaan untuk mempelajari tingkah laku manusia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi Linguistik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu ini mempelajari bahasa baik lisan maupun tulisan dari bangsa-bangsa diseluruh dunia. Antropologi linguistik juga mempelajari sejarah perkembangan bahasa dan hubungannya antara bahasabahasa itu dengan nilai budaya yang ada.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Foklore</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu ini mempelajari kreativitas manusia, musik, drama, cerita rakyat, dan lain sebagainya yang berkaitan dengan kesenian.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi sosial </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi ini tertarik untuk mempelajari struktur dan fungsi kelompok dengan melihat fenomena-fenomena seperti materi kebudayaan, bahasa, karya seni, dan agama, yang lebih menekankan institusi daripada melihat manusia sebagai pribadi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi adalah ilmu pengetahuan yang mempelajari umat manusia sebagai mahkluk masyarakat , terutama sifat-sifat khusus badani dan cara-cara produksi, tradisi-tradisi dan nilainilai yang membuat pergaulan hidup berbeda dari yang satu dengan lainnya ( Prof Harsojo)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Antropologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Paling tidak ada dua tujuan dalam<b> </b>mempelajari Ilmu Antropologi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan akademis</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi ingin mencapai pengertian tentang mahkluk manusia pada umumnya dengan mempelajajari keanekawarna bentuk fisiknya, masyarakat serta kebudayannya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan praktis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi ingin mempelajari manusia dalam aneakawarna masyarakat suku bangsa guna membangun</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ruang Lingkup Ilmu Antropologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu antopologi merupakan ilmu yang<b> </b>mempelajari manusia dalam arti yang sangat<b> </b>luas, karena ilmu tersebut tidak hanya<b> </b>mempelajari secara biologi, namun mempelajari<b> </b>manusia dalam berbagai aspek.<b> </b>Setelah pearang dunia ke II perkembangan ilmu<b> </b>antopologi sangat pesat, sehingga membentuk<b> </b>pengkhususan-pengkususan sesuai masalahmasalah<b> </b>praktis yang ada dalam masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cabang-cabang ilmu antopologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Antopologi ekonomi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu ini mempelajari dan memahami masyarakat dengan melakukan penelitian terhadap masalah-masalah yang berhubungan dengan; modal, tenaga kerja, sistim produksi, pemasaran hasil, dan kegiatan lainnya pada masyarakat daerah tertentu. Yang kesemuanya itu mendorong perkembangan dan terbentuknya sub- ilmu antopologi ekonomi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi Pembangunan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu ini mempelajari dan memahami masyarakat dengan melakukan penelitian terhadap masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan pembangunan. Antropologi pembangunan mengkhususkan diri pada penggunaan metode-metode, konsepkonsep serta teori-teori antopologi. Hasil penelitian tsb dapat dipergunakan oleh pihak yang berwenang untuk membuat kebijaksanaan pembangunan di suatu daerah tertentu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi Kesehatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu ini mempelajari dan memahami masyarakat dengan melakukan penelitian mengenai masalah kesehatan masyarakat. Penelitiannya untuk mengetahui konsepsi dan sikap penduduk tentang kesehatan, tentang sakit, dukun, obat-obatan tradisional, kebiasan dan pantangan untuk memakan sesuatu. Hasil penelitian yang demikian untuk membantu para dokter atau para ahli gizi untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi Politik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu ini mempelajari dan memahami kejadiandan gejala politik, persaingan, kerjasama, di antara partai-partai politik yang ada. Antropologi politik juga mempelajari atau memperhatikan latar belakang kebudayaan, sistim nilai dan norma dari manusia-manusia yang menjalankan politik atau pelaku politik itu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode Ilmiah Antropologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang dimaksud dengan metode ilmiah<b> </b>suatu ilmu pengetahuan adalah segala<b> </b>jalan atau cara dalam rangka ilmu tersebut<b> </b>sampai kepada ilmu pengetahuan itu<b> </b>sendiri.<b> </b>Jalan atau cara untuk mencapai kepada<b> </b>suatu ilmu pengetahuan adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengumpulan fakta</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya ada 3 metode pengumpulan fakta yaitu : penelitian lapangan <b><i>(field work ), </i></b>penelitian di laboratorium, penelitian di perpustakaan. Pada penelitian yang di lakukan di laboratorium dan perpustakaan peneliti berada di luar obyek yang ditelitinya. Sedangkan penelitian di lapangan peneliti masuk dalam obyek dan oleh sebab itu, peneliti harus dapat melihat hubungan antara dirinya dengan obyek yang ditelitinya. Peneliti antropologi harus dapat atau mampu mengkombinasikan antara gejala yang diberikan informan dan tindakan atau kelakuan dari manusia dalam hubungannya dengan kelompok.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan ciri-ciri umum</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkaitan dengan tingkat dalam cara berfikir ilmiah yang bertujuan untuk menentukan ciri-ciri umum dan system dalam himpunan fakta yang dikumpulkan melalui penelitian, <b>induktif </b>misalnya dimulai dari fakta-fakta khusus dan kongkrit menuju kepada konsep yang bersifat umum dan abstrak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi memperhatikan tingkah laku manusia dalam masyarakat, dan tidak akan merumuskan kaidah-kaidah tentang hubungan antara fakta degan kekuatan yang mendorong kehidupan masyarakat dana kebudayaan antropologi hanya sampai pada suatu pengertian tentang kehidupan masyarakat dan kebudayaan itu.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SEJARAH TEORI ANTROPOLOGI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.J.F Kobben guru besar Antropologi universitas<b> </b>Amstrdam, membedakan antara dua golongan<b> </b>ahli Antropologi yaitu Comparativest dan non<b> </b>Comparativest.<b> </b>Kobben menyatakan kedua golongan ahli<b> </b>Antropologi itu penting demi kemajuan<b> </b>Antropologi,keduanya saling menunjang.<b> </b>Antropologi bertujuan mencapai pengertian<b> </b>mengenai tingkah laku mahluk manusia pada<b> </b>umumnya melalui beragam kebudayaan suku<b> </b>bangsa diseluruh dunia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Antropolog India, Gopala<b> </b>Sarana (1975</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu Antropologi sedikitnya ada empat macam penelitian komparatif :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian untuk menyusun sejarah kebudayaan manusia secara inferensial.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian untuk menggambarkan suatu proses perubahan kebudayaan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian untuk taxonomi kebudayaan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian untuk menguji korelasi antar unsur, pranata, gejala kebudayaan guna membuat generalisasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">G.P.Murdock, guru besar Yale<b> </b>University<b> </b>telah mengklasifikasikan<b> </b>250 kebudayaan di dunia ke dalam pola<b> </b>istilah kekerabatan yang mengacu pada<b> </b>saudara sepupu, sementara membedakan<b> </b>adanya enam tipe yaitu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe Hawai</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe hawai (tipe generation), yang semua istilah saudara sepupu sama dengan istilah yang mengacu semua saudara sekandung.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tipe Eskimo</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe Eskimo ( Tipe lineal ), dimana istilah yang mengacu semua saudara sepupu berbeda dengan istilah yang mengacu semua saudara sekandung.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tipe Iroquois</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe Iroquois (bifurcate merging), dimana istilah yang mengacu semua saudara sepupu sejajar sama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tipe Sudan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe Sudan (bifurcate – Collateral), dimana istilah ang mengacu ke semua stilah untuk saudara sekandung.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tipe Omoha</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe Omoha, dimana istilah yang mengacu semua saudara sepupu sejajar sama dengan istilah yuang mengacu semuas saudara sekandung.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tipe Crow </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe Crow, dimana istilah yang mengacu semua saudara sepupu sejajar sama dengan istilah yang mengacu semua saudara sekandung</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang Sejarah Antropologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu Antropologi termasuk ilmu-ilmu sosial yang lain mempunyai sejarah tersendiri. Antropologi disebut ilmu yang <b><i>baru atau</i></b> <b><i>muda </i></b>karena perkembangan antropologi relatif baru. Sedangkan antopologi disebut ilmu yang tua karena sejarahnya terutama bagian antropologi yang disebut dengan <b><i>Etnografi </i></b>telah dikerjakan orang dari berbagai bangsa di dunia sudah lebih dari 500 tahun yang lalu. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo26; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etnografi oleh Dinasti Han</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulisan etnografi juga dilakukan oleh<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>bangsa Tionghoa dan bangsa India.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Walaupun tidak secara metodik dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>sistemmatis kedua bangsa tersebut telah<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>menulis tentang keadaan mereka sendiri<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>ataupun menulis tentang bangsa di luar<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>mereka.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Antropologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Antropologi Di Indonesia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan antropologi di mulai<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>dengan penelitian adat-istiadat, system kepercayaan, struktur sosial dan kesenian dari suku-suku yang tersebar di seluruh wilayah nusantara sejak zaman penjajahan Belanda. Tulisan-tulisan tersebut digunakan sebagai landasan kebijaksanaan pemerintah kolonial. Penyelidikan dan penulisan dalam rangka pengembangan etnologi dan antropologi sosial oleh perguruan tinggi dimulai setelah penyelidikan bahasa dan budaya. Lembaga tersebut bernama <b><i>“Taal en cultural onderzoek” </i></b>di Universitas Indonesia Jakarta. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perkembangan antropologi dibagi ke dalam empat Fasa</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase pertama</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada awal tahun 1800-an negara-negara Eropa Barat melakukkan kolonialisasi atas negara–negara Afrika, Asia dan Amerika. Menurut pandangan orang Eropa bangsabangsa yang dijajah masih primitif, buas dan sering dikatakan bangsa-bangsa yang masih asli, yang belum mengalami perubahan dan kemajuan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase kedua</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada fase ini pertengahan abad 19<b> </b>banyak ditemukan tulisan mengenai aneaka warna kebudayaan dan tingkat evolusinya. Deskripsi mengenai suku bangsa di luar Eropa merupakan kebudayaan yang masih tradisional dan merupakan sisa kebudayaan kuno.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase ketiga</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada awal abad ke 20 ilmu Antropologi mengalami kemajuan, ilmu Antropologi dipergunakan oleh bangsa Eropa untuk mempelajari adat-istiadat dan keabiasaan bangsa yang terjajah. Dengan meangetahui data tentang kebiasaan itu dapat dipergunaklan untuk mempertahankan kolonialismenya di negara yang dijajah tersebut</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase keempat</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesudah tahun 1930-an ilmu Antropologi mengalami perkembangan luar biasa, dipengaruhi oleh metode ilmiah dalam melakukan penelitian. Masyarakat terjajah mengalami perkembangan, maka Antropologi seakan mengalami kehilangan objek penerlitian. Antropologi mengembangkan metode ilmiah terutama PT di Eropa dan Amerika, dan seluruh dunia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Antropologi <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Antropologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari manusia dengan segala aktivitasnya. Di satu pihak, manusia adalah pencipta kebudayaan, di pihak lain kebudayaan yang membentuk perilaku manusia sesuai dengan lingkungannya. Dengan demikian, terjalin hubungan timbal balik yang sangat erat antara manusia dan kebudayaan. Antropologi memiliki sub disiplin, seperti: antropologi biologi, etnolinguistik, arkeologi, prasejarah, dan etnologi. Agar memperoleh wawasan yang lebih luas mengenai kedudukan, fungsi dan peran bahasa dalam kebudayaan, pengenalan dan pemahaman mengenai antropologi dengan sendirinya merupakan sesuatu yang mutlak diketahui peserta didik melalui suatu pelajaran yang mandiri. Dengan mempelajari antropologi diharapkan peserta didik mampu menyerap antropologi sebagai pengetahuan dan menerapkannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, terutama dalam menyikapi perbedaan latar budaya, masyarakat, bahasa dan kepercayaan di masyarakat</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut <b>etnologinya </b>kata antropologi<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>berasal dari kata yunani <b><i>“Antropo” </i></b>yang berarti manusia dan <b><i>“logy” </i></b>atau <b><i>“logos” </i></b>berarti ilmu yang mempelajari tentang manusia. Menurut Ralfh L Beals dan Harry Hoijen : 1954: 2 antropologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajarai manusia dan semua apa yang dikerjakannya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allan H Smith & John L Fischer Banyak ilmu sosial mempelajari manusia, ilmu antropologi berusaha untuk melihat manusia dengan segala komplekstasnya, atau manusia dengan segala aspeknya. Aspek-aspek itu menyangkut asal mula, perkembangan, sifat, dan ciri-ciri manusia serta kebudayaaannya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhatian Antropologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seabad lalu Antropologi hanya tertarik mempelajari kelompok-kelompok kecil masyarakat, suku, kebudayaan, kampung-kampung serta minoritas, namun sekarang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Antropologi telah lebih maju dengan mempelajarai manusia dari berbagai segi atau sudut. Baik yang telah maju maupun primitif. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembagian Antropologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo27; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropolgi fisik <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo27; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Antropologi Budaya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Antropologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo28; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan akademis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi ingin mencapai pengertian tentang mahkluk manusia pada umumnya dengan mempelajajari keanekawarna bentuk fisiknya, masyarakat serta kebudayannya<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo28; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan praktis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antropologi ingin mempelajari manusia dalam aneaka warna masyarakat suku bangsa guna membangun<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ruang Lingkup Ilmu Antropologi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmu antopologi merupakan ilmu yang<b> </b>mempelajari manusia dalam arti yang sangat<b> </b>luas, karena ilmu tersebut tidak hanya<b> </b>mempelajari secara biologi, namun mempelajari<b> </b>manusia dalam berbagai aspek.<b> </b>Setelah pearang dunia ke II perkembangan ilmu<b> </b>antopologi sangat pesat, sehingga membentuk<b> </b>pengkhususan-pengkususan sesuai masalahmasalah<b> </b>praktis yang ada dalam masyarakat.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cabang-cabang ilmu antopologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Antopologi ekonomi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Antropologi Pembangunan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Antropologi Kesehatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Antropologi Politik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode Ilmiah Antropologi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang dimaksud dengan metode ilmiah<b> </b>suatu ilmu pengetahuan adalah segala<b> </b>jalan atau cara dalam rangka ilmu tersebut<b> </b>sampai kepada ilmu pengetahuan itu<b> </b>sendiri.<b> </b>Jalan atau cara untuk mencapai kepada<b> </b>suatu ilmu pengetahuan adalah :<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo30; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengumpulan fakta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo30; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penentuan ciri-ciri umum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah Teori Antropologi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.J.F Kobben guru besar Antropologi universitas<b> </b>Amstrdam, membedakan antara dua golongan<b> </b>ahli Antropologi yaitu Comparativest dan non<b> </b>Comparativest.<b> </b>Kobben menyatakan kedua golongan ahli<b> </b>Antropologi itu penting demi kemajuan<b> </b>Antropologi,keduanya saling menunjang.<b> </b>Antropologi bertujuan mencapai pengertian<b> </b>mengenai tingkah laku mahluk manusia pada<b> </b>umumnya melalui beragam kebudayaan suku<b> </b>bangsa diseluruh dunia.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bagi kita dan generasi akan datang sudah sepatutnya untuk <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memahami, memecahkan dan menelaah secara kritis dan rasional<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentang berbagai fenomena sosial budaya</span><span lang="IN"> </span>yang terjadi di Indonesia <b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Kepada para pembaca jika ingin lebih mengetahui tentang bahasan ini bisa membaca buku atau majalah-majalah yang memuat tentang Pembelajaran Menulis yang lebih lengkap.<b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Segala puji dan syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rezeki dan kesehatan kepada kami sehingga kami mempunyai kesempatan untuk menyelesaikan pembuatan makalah yang dibuat untuk memenuhi tugas kelompok mata kuliah Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS). Adapun materi makalah yang kami buat adalah "Antropologi".</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami menyadari dan meyakini bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Masih banyak kekurangan dan kesalahan yang kami sadari atau pun yang tidak kami sadari. Oleh karena itu kami mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari makalah ini, agar di masa yang akan datang kami bisa membuat makalah yang lebih baik lagi. Namun begitu, meskipun makalah ini jauh dari kata sempurna kami berharap agar makalah ini sedikit banyaknya dapat bermanfaat bagi yang membacanya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dan mendukung dalam pembuatan makalah ini. Demikian sedikit kata pengantar dari </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kami</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atas perhatian para pembaca sekalian kami mengucapkan terima kasih.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata Pengantar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span> i Daftar Isi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ii</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 1.0cm 36.0pt 70.9pt 78.0pt dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.85pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 36.0pt 70.9pt dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang Masalah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................ </span> 1</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.85pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batasan Masalah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span> 2</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.85pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan yang Ingin dicapai<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................... </span> 2</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.85pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode yang digunakan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................ </span> 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: dotted 36.0pt blank 42.55pt dotted 70.9pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II <span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......... </span></span>PEMBAHASAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latar Belakang Sejarah Antropologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................. </span> 3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Antropologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................ </span> 5<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Antropologi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pembagian Antropologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................. </span> 8</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan Antropologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................ </span>10</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ruang Lingkup Ilmu Antropologi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................. </span>10</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cabang-cabang ilmu antopologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................... </span>11<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Metode Ilmiah Antropologi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................... </span>12</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 10.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sejarah Teori Antropologi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................. </span>12</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENUTUP</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan dan Saran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................... </span>14</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................ </span>iii</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 382.75pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo34; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Benedict, Ruth, <i>Patterns of Culture</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1980.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo34; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Harris, Marvin, <i>“Culture, People, Nat</i></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ure; An Introduction to General </span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Anthropology”</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">, New York, Harper and Row Publishers, 1988.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo34; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Richardson, Miles, “Anthropologist-the Myth Teller,” </span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">American</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ethnologist</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">, 2, no.3 (August 1975).</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><br />
</div>yulianihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05665580843037726326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2251383717746990231.post-13399789518674310572012-01-28T02:23:00.003-08:002012-01-28T02:23:22.137-08:00MAKALAH MEMORY DAN LUPA<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><a href="http://kumpulanmakalahdanartikelpendidikan.blogspot.com/"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Otak merupakan perangkat yang paling kompleks di dunia. Trilyunan sel otak memiliki fungsi spesifik tetapi saling berhubungan.</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://rocika.blogspot.com/"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mengendalikan seluruh aspek fisik dan psikis manusia. Baik secara sadar maupun tak sadar</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Kapasitas penyimpanan memori di dalam otak jauh melebihi kapasitas hardisk komputer terbesar sekalipun. Otak memiliki kemampuan menangani algoritma rumit secara bersamaan dalam jumlah tak terbatas, jauh melebihi kemampuan </span><a href="http://www.intel.com/products/processortechnology/index.htm?iid=homepage+proc_tech" target="_blank"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">prosesor komputer</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> tercanggih sekalipun. Tapi sayangnya manusia tidak mampu mengoptimalkan seluruh potensi otak tersebut, sehingga otak tidak memungkinkan semua jejak ingatan itu tersimpan terus dengan sempurna, melainkan berangsur-angsur akan menghilang. Tetapi ketika orang yang bersangkutan diminta untuk mengingat kembali hal yang sudah mulai terlupakan sebagian itu.</span><a href="" name="more"></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Manusia cenderung untuk menyempurnakan sendiri bagian-bagian yang terlupa tersebut dengan cara mengkreasikan sendiri detil-detil ceritera itu. Akibatnya, sebuah ceritera tentang suatu peristiwa yang pernah disaksikan oleh seseorang akan berubah-ubah dari masa ke masa. Makin lama jarak waktu antara kejadian awal dengan saat berceritera, maka makin banyak perubahannya.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Maka dari itu penulis mengangkat judul “</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memori dan Lupa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">” agar kita semua mengetahui segala hal yang berkaitan dengan lupa yang semoga dapat bermanfaat untuk para pembacanya.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Batasan Masalah</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun batasan Masalah dalam karya tulis ini adalah:</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah Memori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja teori-teori mengenai Memori belajar?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja ragam dalam Memori belajar?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor penyebab Memori belajar?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimanakah definisi lupa ?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah faktor yang menyebabkan lupa?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimanakah kiat-kiat megurangi lupa?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan Yang Ingin Dicapai</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun Tujuan penulis dalam penulisan karya tulis ini adalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai salah satu </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">tugas </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persentasi Kelompok </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mata Pelajaran </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Psikologi Pendidikan semes</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ter I Prodi PGMI</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui pengertian Memori dan Lupa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan Memory dan Lupa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode Yang Digunakan</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode deskriftif dengan teknik study kepustakaan atau literature, yaitu pengetahuan yang bersumber dari beberapa media tulis baik berupa buku, litelatur dan media lainnya yang tentu ada kaitannya masalah-masalah yang di bahas di dalam Karya tulis ini.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MEMORY DAN LUPA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memori</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Memori </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memori merupakan simpanan informasi - informasi yang diperoleh dan diserap dari lingkungan yang kemudian diolah sesuai dengan individu yang bersangkutan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memory juga merupakan suatu proses biologi, yakni informasi diberi kode dan dipanggil kembali. Pada dasarnya juga memory adalah sesuatu yang membentuk jati diri manusia dan membedakan manusia dari mahluk hidup lainnya. Memory memberi manusia kemampuan mengingat masa lalu, dan perkiraan pada masa depan. Memory merupakan kumpulan reaksi elektrokimia yang rumit yang diaktifkan melalui beragam saluran indrawi dan disimpan dalam jaringan syaraf yang sangat rumit dan unik di seluruh bagian otak. Memory yang sifatnya dinamis ini terus berubah dan berkembang sejalan dengan bertambahnya informasi yang disimpan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memori atau mengingat merupakan proses menerima, menyimpan dan mengeluarkan kembali informasi-informasi yang telah diterima melalui pengamatan, kemudian disimpan dalam pusat kesadaran (otak) setelah diberikan tafsiran. Dalam otak, terdapat dua macam tempat penyimpan informasi atau tanggapan yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingatan Jangka Pendek (Short Term Memori/STM) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ialah temppat menyimpan informasi yang akan dikeluarkan segera dalam waktu yang labih pendek</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada 2 cara untuk meningkatkan STM, yaitu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rehearsal : </span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah pengulangan informasi secara sadar sebagai usaha untuk mempertahankan informasi dalam STM.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Encoding : </span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah proses dimana informasi sensoris diubah kedalam bentuk yang dapat diingat. Encoding dapat dilakukan dengan metode <i>chunking, </i>yaitu pengelompokan beberapa huruf sebagai kata (<i>small chunks</i>), sekelompok kata sebagai frase <i>(larger chunks</i>) dan serangkaian frase sebagai kalimat (even larger chunks).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Retrieval </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah suatu proses untuk menemukan memori yang disimpan dan membuatnya menjadi dapat digunakan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada 2 jenis <i>retrieval</i>, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recognition</span></i></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah mengenali bahwa stimulus tertentu telah disajikan sebelumnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recall : </span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah<b><i> </i></b>mengeluarkan bagian spesifik dari informasi, biasanya diarahkan dengan menggunakan <i>cues.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selective attention adalah membatasi perhatian pada stimulus tertentu ketika ada</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> banyak stimulus yang hadir pada situasi tertentu. Individu lebih memperhatikan karakteristik fisik dari stimulus, contohnya adalah volume dan ritme suara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingatan Jangka Panjang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Long Term Memori/LTM) ialah gudang tempat menyimpan informasi untuk masa yang cukup lama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Memori</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses memori atau mengingat terjadi dalam tiga tahapan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan perolehan Informasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan Penyimpanan Jangka Pendek atau ingatan jangka panjang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan mengeluarkan kembali apabila suatu waktu diperlukan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-Teori Memori</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori yang paling banyak yang digunakan oleh para ahli adalah teori tentang tiga proses memori, seperti berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enconding </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah proses dimana informasi sensoris diubah kedalam bentuk yang dapat diingat. Enconding dapat dilakukan dengan metode <i>chunking</i>, yaitu pengelompokan beberapa huruf sebagai kata (small chunks), sekelompok kata sebagai frase (larger chunks) dan serangkaian frase sebagai kalimat (even larger chunks). Proses pengubahan informasi dapat terjadi dengan dua cara, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak Sengaja, yaitu apabila hal-hal yang diterima oleh indera </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dimasukkan dengan tidak sengaja ke dalam ingatannya.Contohnya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah seorang anak yang menginginkan barang yang sangat ia mau,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">apabila tidak dibelikan, ia akan menangis sekeras</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kerasnya. Kelakuan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tersebut bisa tersimpan di otak mereka karena dengan menagis sekeras-kerasnya ia akan dibelikan barang yang ia mau.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sengaja,<b> </b></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu bila individu dengan sengaja memasukkan pengalaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan pengetahun ke dalam ingatannya. Contohnya adalah seseorang yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sering jalan kesuatu tempat, ia akan hafal dengan sengaja tempat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Storage </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah penyimpanan apa yang telah diproses dalam enconding tersebut. Proses ini disebut juga dengan <b><i>rete</i></b></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">si</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yaitu proses mengendapkan informasi yang diterimanya dalam suatu tempat tertentu. Sistem penyimpanan ini sangat mempengaruhi jenis memori (sensori memori, memori jangka pendek, atau memori jangka panjang). Setiap proses belajar akan meninggalkan jejak-jejak dalam diri seseorang dan jejak ini akan disimpan sementara dalam ingatannya. Sehubungan dengan masalah retensi dan kelupaan, ada satu hal penting yang dapat dicata, yaitu interval atau jarak waktu antara memasukkan dan menimbulkan kembali. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interval dapat dibedakan atas</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lama Interval </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu menunjukan tentang lamanya waktu antara pemasukan bahan sampai ditimbulkan kembali bahan itu. Lamanya berkaitan dengan kekuatan retensi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">si Interval </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu aktivitas-aktivitas yang terdapat pada interval. Aktivetas tersebut akan merusak atau menganggu jejak ingatan sehingga dapat menyebabkan kelupaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><span lang="IN">Retrieval </span></b><span lang="IN">adalah pemulihan kembali apa yang telah disimpan sebelumnya. Proses mengingat kembali merupakan suatu proses mencari dan menemukan informasi yang disimpan dalam memori untuk digunakan kembali. Hilgrad (1975) menyebutkan tiga jenis proses mengingat, yaitu :</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recall </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu mengeluarkan bagian spesifik dari informasi, biasanya diarahkan dengan menggunakan <i>cues.</i> <i>Selective attention</i> adalah membatasi perhatian pada stimulus tertentu ketika ada banyak stimulus yang hadir pada situasi tertentu. Individu lebih memperhatikan karakteristik fisik dari stimulus, contohnya adalah volume dan ritme suara. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recognition </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu mengenali bahwa stimulus tertentu telah disajikan sebelumnya. Contohnya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Misalnya dalam soal pilihan berganda, siswa hanya dituntut untuk melakukan <i>recognition</i> karena semua pilihan jawaban sudah diberikan. Siswa hanya perlu <b>mengenali </b>jawaban yang benar di antara pilihan yang ada.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Redintegrative </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yaitu proses meningat dengan menghubungkan berbagai informasi menjadi suatu cerita yang cukup lengkap. Proses ini terjadi bila seseorang ditanya sebuah nama, misalnya Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (presiden RI), maka akan teringat banyak hal tentang tokoh tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbedaan antara recall dan recognition menunjukan adanya fungsi petunjuk mengingat dalam recognition. Petunjuk ini membantu organisme mengenali informasi yang akan diingat khususnya memori jangka panjang. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendekatan Information-Processing menyatakan bahwa memori dapat dipahami melalui tiga proses, yaitu enconding, storage, dan interval. Tapi dalam proses tersebut terlibat tiga sistem memori yang berbeda, yaitu memori sensorik, memori jangka pendek (short term memory), dan memori jangka panjang (long term memory)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor yang mempengaruhi Memori</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses mengingat atau memori banyak dipengaruhi oleh berberapa faktor, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Individu </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses mengingat akan lebih efektif apabila individu memiliki minat yang besar, motivasi yang kuat, memiliki metode tertentu dalam pengamatan dan pembelajaran memiliki kondisi Fisik dan kesehatan yang baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Sesuatu yang Harus di Ingat adalah sesuatu yang memiliki organisasi dan struktur yang jelas, mempunyai arti, mempunyai keterkaitan dengan individu, mempunyai intensitas rangsangan yang cukup kuat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Lingkungan proses mengingat akan lebih efektif apabila ada lingkungan yang menunjang dan terhindar dari adanya gangguan-gangguan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l31 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkatkan Kemampuan Memori</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum usaha-usaha untuk meningkatkan kemampuan memori harus memenuhi tiga ketentuan sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses memori bukanlah suatu usaha yang mudah. Oleh karena itu, perlu diperhatikan bahwa pengulangan/rekan. Mekanisme dalam proses mengingat sangat membantu organisme dalam menghadapi berbagai persoalan sehari-hari. Seseorang dikatakan “belajar dari pengalaman” karena ia mampu menggunakan berbagai informasi yang telah diterimanya di masa lalu untuk memecahkan berbagai persoalan yang dihadapinya saat ini. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan-bahan yang akan diingat harus mempunyai hubungan dengan hal-hal lain. Khusus mengenai hal ini, konteks memegang peranan penting. Dari uraian di depan jelas bahwa memori sangat dibantu bila informasi yang dipelajari mempunyai kaitan dengan hal-hal yang sudah dikenal sebelumnya. Konteks dapat berupa peristiwa, tempat, nama sesuatu, perasaan tertentu dan lain-lain. Konteks ini memberikan retrievel cues atau karena itu mempermudah recognition.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses memori memerlukan organisasi. Salah satu pengorganisasian informasi yang sangat dikenal adalah mnemonik (bahasa Yunani: mnemosyne, yaitu dewi memori dalam mitologi Yunani). Informasi diorganisasi sedemikian rupa (dihubungkan dengan hal-hal yang sudah dikenal) sehingga informasi yang kompleks mudah untuk diingat kembali</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lupa </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Lupa</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa merupakan istilah yang sangat populer di masyarakat. Dari hari ke hari dan bahkan setiap waktu pasti ada orang-orang tertentu yang lupa akan sesuatu, entah hal itu tentang peristiwa atau kejadian di masa lampau atau sesuatu yang akan dilakukan, mungkin juga sesuatu yang baru saja dilakukan. Fenomena dapat terjadi pada siapapun juga, tak peduli apakah orang itu anak-anak, remaja, orang tua, guru, pejabat, profesor, petani dan sebaginya. (syaiful Bahri Djamarah, 2008: 206)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soal mengingat dan lupa biasanya juga ditunjukkan dengan satu pengertian saja, yaitu retensi, karena memang sebenarnya kedua hal tersebut hanyalah memandang hal yang satu dan sama dari segi berlainan. Hal yang diingat adalah hal yang tidak dilupakan, dan hal yang dilupakan adalah hal yang tidak diingat. (Sumadi Suryabrata, 2006: 47)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa ialah peristiwa tidak dapat memproduksikan tanggapan-tanggapan kita, sedang ingatan kita sehat. (Agus Suyanto, 1993: 46), adapula yang mengartikan lupa sebagai suatu gejala di mana informasi yang telah disimpan tidak dapat ditemukan kembali u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ntuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> digunakan. (Irwanto, 1991: 150).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muhibbinsyah (1996) dalam bukunya yang berjudul psikologi pendidikan mengartikan lupa sebagai hilangnya kemampuan untuk menyebut kembali atau memproduksi kembali apa-apa yang sebelumnya telah kita pelajari secara sederhana. Gulo (1982) dan Reber (1988) mendefinisikan lupa sebagai ketidak mampuan mengenal atau mengingat sesuatu yang pernah dialami atau dipelajari, dengan demikian lupa bukanlah peristiwa hilangnya item informasi dan pengetahuan dari akal kita.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa merupakan kegagalan untuk mereproduksi kembali hal-hal yang sebelumnya telah terjadi yang disebabkan oleh lemahnya item informasi untuk ditimbulkan ulang saat informasi tersebut dibutuhkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses Terjadinya Lupa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 20.7pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daya ingatan kita tidak sempurna. Banyak hal-hal yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pernah diketahui, tidak dapat diingat kembali atau dilupakan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dewasa ini ada empat cara untuk menerangkan proses lupa keempatnya tidak saling bertentangan, melainkan saling mengisi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa yang telah kita ingat, disimpan dalam bagian tertentu diotak kalau materi yang harus diingat itu tidak pernah digunakan, maka karena proses metabolisme otak, lambat laun jejak materi itu terhapus dari otak sehingga kita tidak dapat mengingatnya kembali. Jadi, karena tidak digunakan, materi itu lenyap sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mungkin pula materi itu tidak lenyap begitu saja, melainkan mengalami perubahan-perubahan secara sistematis, mengikuti prinsip-prinsip sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penghalusan: materi berubah bentuk ke arah bentuk yang lebih simatris, lebih halus dan kurang tajam, sehingga bentuk yang asli tidak diingat lagi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penegasan: bagian-bagian yang paling mencolok dari suatu hal adalah yang paling mengesankan. Karena itu, dalam ingatan bagian-bagian ini dipertegas, sehingga yang diingat hanyalah bagian-bagian yang mencolok, sedangkan bentuk keseluruhan tidak begitu diingat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asimilasi: bentuk yang mirip botol misalnya, akan kita ingat sebagai botol, sekalipun bentuk itu bukan botol. Dengan demikian, kita hanya ingat sebuah botol, tetapi tidak ingat bentuk yang asli. Perubahan materi di sini disebabkan bagaimana wajah orang itu tidak kita ingat lagi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalau mempelajari hal yang baru, kemungkinan hal-hal yang sudah kita ingat, tidak dapat kita ingat lagi. Dengan kata lain, materi kedua menghambat diingatnya kembali materi pertama. Hambatan seperti ini disebut hambatan retroaktif. Sebaliknya, mungkin pula materi yang baru kita pelajari tidak dapat masuk dalam ingatan, karena terhambat oleh adanya materi lain yang terlebih dahulu dipelajari, hambatan seperti ini disebut hambatan proaktif.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada kalanya kita melakukan sesuatu. Hal ini disebut represi. Peristiwa-peristiwa mengerikan, menakutkan, penuh dosa, menjijikan dan sebagainya, atau semua hal yang tidak dapat diterima oleh hati nurani akan kita lupakan dengan sengaja (sekalipun proses lupa yang sengaja ini terkadang tidak kita sadari, terjadi diluar alam kesadaran kita). Pada bentuknya yang ekstrim, represi dapat menyebabkan amnesia, yaitu lupa nama sendiri, orang tua, anak dan istri dan semua hal yang bersangkut paut dirinya sendiri. Amnesia ini dapat itolong atau disembuhkan melalui psikoterapi atau melalui suatu peristiwa yang sangat dramatis sehingga menimbulkan kejutan kejiwaan pada penderita. (Ahmad Fauzi, 1997: 52-54)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Lupa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa terjadi karena gangguan konflik antara item-item informasi atau materi yang ada dalam sistem memori siswa. Dalam <i>interfence theory</i> (teori mengenai gangguan), gangguan konflik ini terbagi menjadi dua Macam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Reber, 1988; Best, 1989; Anderson, 1990), yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proactive interference</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seorang siswa akan mengalami gangguan proaktif</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">apabila materi pelajaran yang sudah lama tersimpan dalam subsistem akal permanennya mengganggu masuknya materi pelajaran baru. Peristiwa ini terjadi apabila siswa tersebut mempelajari sebuah materi pelajaran yang sangat mirip dengan materi pelajaran yang telah dikuasainya dalam tenggang waktu yang pendek. Dalam hal ini, materi yang baru saja dipelajari akan sangat sulit diingat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ata</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">u diproduksi kembali.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Retroactive interference</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebaliknya, seorang siswa akan mengalami gangguan retroaktif</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">apabila materi pelajaran baru membawa konflik dan gangguan terhadap kembali materi pelajaran lama yang telah lebih dahulu tersimpan dalam subsistem akal permanen siswa tersebut. Dalam hal ini, materi pe</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">la</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jaran lama </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kan sangat sulit diingat atau diproduksi kembali. Dengan kata lain, siswa tersebut lupa akan materi pelajaran lama tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa dapat terjadi pada seorang siswa karena adanya tekanan terhadap item yang telah ada, baik sengaja ataupun tidak. Penekanan ini terjadi karena adanya kemungkinan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena item informasi (berupa pengetahuan, tanggapan, kesan dan sebagainya) yang diterima siswa kurang menyenangkan, sehingga ia dengan sengaja menekannya hingga ke alam ketidaksadaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena item informasi yang baru secara otomatis menekan item informasi yang telah ada, jadi sama dengan fenomena retroaktif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena item informasi yang akan direproduksi (diingat kembali) itu tertekan ke alam bawah sadar dengan sendirinya lantaran tidak pernah digunakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Itulah pendapat yang didasarkan para <i>repression theory</i> yakni teori represi/ penekanan (Reber, 1988). Namun, perlu ditambahkan bahwa istilah “alam ketidaksadaran” dan “alam bawah sadar” seperti tersebut di atas, merupakan gagasan Sigmund Freud, bapak psikologi analisis yang banyak mendapat tantangan baik dari kawan maupun lawannya itu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa dapat terjadi pada siswa karena perubahan situasi lingkungan antara waktu belajar dengan waktu mengingat kembali (Anderson, 1990). Jika seorang siswa hanya mengenal atau mempelajari hewan jerapah atau kudanil lewat gambar-gambar yang ada di sekolah misalnya, maka kemungkinan ia akan lupa menyebut nama hewan-hewan tadi ketika melihatnya di kebun binatang.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa dapat terjadi karena perubahan sikap dan minat siswa terhadap proses belajar mengajar dengan tekun dan serius, tetapi karna sesuatu hal sikap dan minat siswa tersebut menjadi sebaliknya (seperti karena ketidaksenangan kepada guru) maka materi pelajaran itu akan mudah terlupakan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut law of disuse (Hilgard & Bower 1975), lupa dapat terjadi karena materi pelajaran yang telah dikuasai tidak pernah digunakan atau dihafalkan siswa. Menurut asumsi sebagian ahli, materi yang diperlakukan demikian denga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sendirinya akan masuk ke alam bawah sadar atau mungkin juga bercampur aduk dengan materi pelajaran baru.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa Tentu saja dapat terjadi karena perubahan urat syaraf otak. Seorang siswa yang terserang penyakit tertentu seperti keracunan, kecanduan alkohol, dan geger otak akan kehilangan ingatan item-item informasi yang ada dalam memori permanennya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun penyebab lupa itu banyak aneka ragamnya, yang paling penting untuk diperhatikan para guru adalah faktor pertama yang meliputi gangguan proaktif dan retroaktif, karena didukung oleh hasil riset dan eksperimen. Mengenai faktor keenam, tentu saja semua orang maklum.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecuali gangguan proaktif dan retroaktif, ada satu lagi penemuan baru yang menyimpulkan bahwa lupa dapat dialami seorang siswa apabila item informasi yang ia serap rusak sebelum masuk ke memori permanennya. Item yang rusak (decay) itu tidak hilang dan tetap diproses oleh sistem memori siswa tadi, tetapi terlalu lemah untuk dipanggil kembali. Kerusakan item informasi tersebut mungkin disebabkan karena tenggang waktu (delay) antara waktu diserapnya item informasi dengan saat proses pengkodean dan transformasi dalam memori jangka pendek siswa tersebut (Best, 1989; Anderson, 1990).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apakah materi pelajaran yang terlupakan oleh siswa benar-benar hilang dari ingatan akalnya? Menurut pandangan ahli psikologi kognitif, “tidak!” materi pelajaran itu masih terdapat dalam subsistem akal permanen siswa namun terlalu lemah untuk di panggil atau diingat kembali. Buktinya banyak siswa yang mengeluh “kehilangan ilmu”, setelah melakukan relearning (belajar lagi) atau mengikuti remedial teaching berfungsi memperbaiki atau menguatkan item-item informasi yang rusak atau lemah dalam memori para siswa tersebut, sehingga mereka berhasil mencapai prestasi yang memuaskan. (Muhibbin Syah, 1996: 160)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa Versus Hilang</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerapkali pengertian “lupa” dan “hilang” secara spontan dianggap sama, padahal apa yang dilupakan belum tentu hilang dalam ingatan begitu saja. Hasil penelitian dan refleksi atas pengalaman belajar di sekolah, memberikan petunjuk bahwa segala sesuatu yang pernah dicamkan dan dimasukan dalam ingatan, tetap menjadi milik pribadi dan tidak menghilang tanpa bekas. Dengan kata lain, kenyataan bahwa seseorang tidak dapat mengingat sesuatu, belum berarti hal itu hilang dari ingatannya, seolah-olah hal yang pernah dialami atau dipelajari sama sekali tidak mempunyai efek apa-apa. (Winkel, 1989: 291) sejumlah kesan yang telah didapat sebagai buah dari pengalaman belajar tidak akan pernah hilang, tetapi kesan-kesan itu mengendap ke alam bawah sadar. Bila diperlukan kembali kesan-kesan terpilih akan terangkat ke alam sadar. Penggalian kesan-kesan terpilih bisa karena kekuatan “asosiasi” atau bisa juga karena kemauan yang keras melakukan “reproduksi” dengan pengandalan konsentrasi. Oleh karena itu, tepat apa yang pernah dikemukakan oleh Gula (1982) dan Reber (1988) bahwa lupa sebagai ketidakmampuan mengenal atau mengingat sesuatu yang pernah dipelajari atau dialami. (Muhibbin Syah, 1999: 151) jadi, lupa bukan berarti hilang, sesuatu yang terlupakan tentu saja masih dimiliki dan tersimpan di alam bawah sadar, sedangkan sesuatu yang hilang tentu saja tidak tersimpan dalam alam bawah sadar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan-gangguan yang menyebabkan terjadinya lupa, baik dalam ingatan jangka panjang maupun jangka pendek ditunjang oleh hasil-hasil penelitian, bahwa informasi-informasi yang baru didapat membingungkan informasi-informasi yang lama disebut “inhibisi retroaktif” atau gangguan retroaktif. Sebaliknya, bila informasi-informasi yang lama menyulitkan orang untuk mengingat kembali informasi-informasi yang baru dinamakan “inhibisi proaktif” atau gangguan proaktif. (Mahmud, 1990: 136)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa-Lupa Ingat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa-lupa ingat berlainan dengan lupa-lupaan, dan tidak sama dengan melupakan. Lupa-lupaan berarti pura-pura lupa. Melupakan berarti melalaikan, tidak mengindahkan. Baik lupa-lupaan mengandung unsur kesengajaan. Sedangkan lupa-lupa ingat berarti tidak lupa, tetapi tidak ingat benar, (masa samar, tetapi kurang pasti), agak lupa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadang-kadang kita mengingat sesuatu dari ingatan jangka panjang kita dan merasa seolah-olah kita hampir mengingatnya, tetapi tidak mengingat betul apa yang ingin kita ingat itu, entah itu nama seorang teman, tempat berlangsungnya kejadian tertentu, tanggal lahir seorang pahlawan nasioanl dan sebaginya. “hampir ingat” ini disebut”gejala ujung lidah”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengorganisasian struktur kognitif yang kurang baik dan sistematik berpotensi kearah lupa-lupa ingat. Kerancuan struktur kognitif menyebabkan sejumlah kesan menjadi samar-samar, kesan berbentuk bayang-bayang dalam ketidakpastian. Sesuatu hal yang direpresentasikan dalam bentuk kesan mengapung diantara alam bimbang sadar dan alam bawah sadar, sehingga ingatan yang timbul karena kesadaran akibat adanya rangsangan dari luar atau usaha mengingat-ingat terjelma dalam bentuk gejala ujung lidah, hampir ingat atau lupa-lupa ingat, yang berarti tidak lupa, Cuma kurang pasti. (Syaiful Bahri Djamarah, 2008: 207-209)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><span lang="IN">Teori-Teori Mengenai Lupa</span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa merupakan suatu gejala di mana informasi yang telah disimpan tidak dapat ditemukan kembali untuk digunakan. Ada empat teori tentang lupa, yaitu Decay theory, Interference theory, Retrieval failure, motivated forgetting, dan lupa karena sebab-sebab fisiologis. Teori-teori ini khususnya merujuk pada memori jangka panjang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ecay theory</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini beranggapan bahwa memori menjadi semakin aus aus dengan berlalunya waktu bila tidak pernah diulang kembali (rehearsal). Teori ini mengandalkan bahwa setiap informasi di simpan dalam memori akan meninggalkan jejak (memory trace). Jejak-jejak ini akan rusak atau menghilang bila tidak pernah dipakai lagi. Meskipun demikian, banyak ahli sekarang menemukan bahwa lupa tidak semata-mata disebabkan oleh ausnya informasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eori interferensi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini beranggapan bahwa informasi yang sudah disimpan dalam memori janga panjang masih ada dalam gudang memori (tidak mengalami keausan). Akan tetapi proses lupa terjadi karena informasi yang satu menggangu proses mengingat informasi lainnya. Bisa terjadi bahwa informasi yang baru diterima mengganggu proses mengingat informasi yang lama, tetapi bisa juga sebaliknya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila informasi yang baru kita terima, menyebabkan kita sulit mencari informasi yang sudah ada dalam memori kita, terjadilah interferensi retroaktif. Dalam hidup sehari-hari kita mengalami hal ini. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalagi yang disebut interferensi proaktif, yaitu informasi yang sudah dalam memori jangka panjang mengganggu proses mengingat informasi yang baru saja disimpan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eori retrieval failure</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini sebenarnya sepakat dengan teori interferensi bahwa informasi yang sudah disimpan dalam memori jangka panjang selalu ada, tetapi kegagalan untuk mengingat kembali tidak disebabkan oleh interferensi. Kegagalan mengingat kembali lebih disebabkan tidak adanya petunjuk yang memadai. Dengan demikian, bila syarat tersebut dipenuhi (disajikan petunjuk yang tepat), maka informasi tersebut tentu dapat ditelusuri dan diingat kembali.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eori motivated forgetting</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut teori ini, kita akan cenderung melupakan hal-hal yang tidak menyenangkan. Hal-hal yang menyakitkan atau tidak menyenangkan ini cenderung ditekan atau tidak diperbolehkan muncul dalam kesadaran. Teori ini didasarkan atas teori psikoanalisis yang dipelopori oleh Sigmund Freud. Dari penjelasan di atas, jelas bahwa teori ini juga beranggapan bahwa informasi yang telah disimpan masih selalu ada.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">upa karena sebab-sebab fisiologis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">para peneliti sepakat bahwa setiap penyimpanan informasi akan disertai berbagai perubahan fisik di otak. Perubahan fisik ini disebut engram. Gangguan pada engram ini akan mengakibatkan lupa yang disebut amnesia. Bila yang dilupakan adalah berbagai informasi yang telah disimpan dalam beberapa waktu yang lalu, yang bersangkutan dikatakan menderita amnesia retrograd. Bila yang dilupakan adalah informasi yang baru saja diterimanya, ia dikatakan menderita amnesia anterograd. Karena proses lupa dalam kedua kasus ini erat hubungannya dengan faktor-faktor biokimiawi otak, maka kurang menjadi fokus perhatian bagi para pendidik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kiat Mengurangi Lupa dalam Belajar</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kiat terbaik untuk mengurangi lupa adalah dengan cara meningkatkan daya ingat akal siswa. Banyak ragam kiat yang dapat dicoba siswa dalam meningkatkan daya ingatannya, antara Barlow (1985), Reber (1988), dan Anderson (1990) adalah sebagai berikut:</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Overlearning</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Overlearning (belajar) lebih artinya upaya belajar yang melebihi batas penguasaan dasar atas materi pembelajaran tertentu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Overlearning terjadi apabila respons atau reaksi tertentu muncul setelah siswa melakukan pembelajaran atau respons tersebut dengan cara di luar kebiasaan. Banyak contoh yang dapat dipakai untuk overlearning, antara lain pembacaan teks pancasila pada setiap hari senin dan sabtu memungkinkan ingatan siswa terhadap P4 lebih kuat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Extra Study Time (Tambahan waktu belajar)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ialah upaya penambahan alokasi waktu belajar atau penambahan frekuensi (kekerapan) aktivitas belajar. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penambahan frekuensi belajar berarti siswa meningkatkan kekerapan belajar materi tertentu. Kiat ini dipandang cukup strategis karena dapat melindungi memori dari kelupaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mnemonic Device (Muslihat Memory) </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mnemonic Device Muslihat memori atau mnemonic device yang lebih sering disebut mnemonic saja berarti kiat-kiat khusus yang biasa dijadikan “alat pengait” mental untuk memasukkan item-item informasi kedalam memori siswa. Ragam mnemonic ini banyak ragamnya tetapi yang paling menonjol adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rima ( Rhyme ), yaitu sajak yang dibuat sedemikian rupa yang isinya terdiri atas kata dan istilah yang harus diingat siswa. Sajak ini akan lebih baik pengaruhnya apabila diberi not-not sehingga dapat dinyanyikan. Contohnya seperti nyanyian anak-anak TK yang berisi pesan-pesan moral.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Singkatan, yakni terdiri dari huruf-huruf awal nama atau istilah yang harus diingat siswa. Contoh jika seorang siswa hendak mengingat nama Nabi Adam, Nabi Nuh, Nabi Ibrahim dan Nabi Musa, mereka dapat menyingkatnya menjadi ANIM. Pembuatan singkatan seyogyanya dilakukan sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat menarik dan memberi kesan tersendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem kata pasak ( peg word system), yakni sejenis teknik mnemonik yang menggunakan komponen-komponen yang sebelumnya telah dikuasai sebagai pasak (paku) pengait memeori baru. Kata komponen pasak ini dibentuk berpasangan seperti merah-saga, panas-api. Kata-kata ini berguna untuk mengingat kata dan istilah yang memiliki watak yang sama seperti darah, lipstik, pasangan langit dan bumi; neraka dan kata atau istilah lain yang memiliki kesamaan watak (warna, rasa, dan seterusnya).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model Losai ( Method of Loci ), yaitu kiat mnemonik yang menggunakan tempat-tempat khusus dan terkenal sebagai sarana penempatan kata dan istilah tertentu yang harus diingat siswa. Kata “Loci” sendiri adalah jamak dari kata “lokus” yang artinya tempat. Dalam hal ini nama-nama kota, jalan, dan gedung yang terkenal dapat dipakai untuk menempatkan kata dan istilah yang kurang lebih relevan, dalam arti memiliki kemiripan ciri dan keadaan. Contoh: nama ibukota Amerika Serikat untuk mengingat nama presiden pertama negara itu (George Washington).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Kata Kunci ( Key Word System ), kiat yang satu ini masih tergolong baru dibandingkan kiat-kiat yang lainnya. Kiat ini dikembangkan oleh Raugh dan Atkinsen. Sistem ini biasanya direkayasa secara khusus untuk mempelajari kata dan istilah asing, Inggris misalnya. Sistem ini berbentuk daftar kata yang terdiri atas unsur-unsur sebagai berikut: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kata-kata asing, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kata-kata kunci, yakni kata-kata bahasa lokal yang paling kurang suku pertamanya memiliki suara atau lafal yang mirip dengan kata yang dipelajari, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">arti kata asing yang dipelajari. Contoh: Kata Inggris Kata Kunci Arti Astute Butterfly Challenge Domination Eyesight Fussy Astuti Baterai Celeng Domino Aisyah Fauzy Cerdik, lihai Kupu-kupu Tantangan Penguasaan Penglihatan Cerewet</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelompokan Maksud kiat pengelompokan (Clustering) adalah menata ulang item-item materi menjadi kelompok-kelompok kecil yang dianggap lebih logis dalam arti bahwa item-item tersebut memiliki signifikasi dan lafal yang sama atau sangat mirip. Penataan atau pengelompokan ini direkayasa sedemikian rupa dalam bentuk daftar-daftar item seperti: a. Daftar I, terdiri atas nama-nama negara serumpun, seperti: Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunai dan seterusnya; b. Daftar II, terdiri atas singkatan-singkatan lembaga negara, seperti MPR, DPR, dan seterusnya: c. Daftar III, terdiri dari singkatan-singkatan nama-nama badan internasional, seperti: WHO, ILO, dan sebagainya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latihan Terbagi Latihan terbagi atau distributed practice adalah latihan terkumpul (massed pratice), yang sudah dianggap tidak efektif lagi karena mendorong siswa membuat cramming, yakni belajar banyak materi dengan tergesa-gesa dalam waktu yang singkat. Dalam melaksanakan distributed practice, siswa dapat menggunakan berbagai metode dan strategi belajar yang efisien.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaruh Letak Bersambung Untuk memperoleh efek positif dari pengaruh letak bersambung (the serial position effect), siswa dianjurkan menyusun daftar kata-kata (nama, istilah, dan sebagainya) yang diawali dan diakhiri dengan kata-kata yang harus diingat. Kata-kata yang harus diingat oleh siswa tersebut sebaiknya ditulis dengan menggunakan huruf dan warna yang mencolok agar tampak sangat berbeda dari kata-kata lainnya yang tidak perlu diingat. Dengan demikian kata yang ditulis pada awal dan akhir daftar tersebut memberi kesan tersendiri dan diharapkan melekat erat dalam subsistem akal permanen siswa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain ke enam kiat-kiat diatas, Seorang guru dapat mengurangi lupa dengan berbagai cara lain seperti berikut ini.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertama, mencoba menimbulkan atau meningkatkan memotivasi belajar siswa dengan menyadarkan mereka akan tujuan instruksional yang harus mereka capai. Hal ini dapat dilakukan, misalnya dengan menjelaskan manfaat materi pelajaran dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, dan masa depan mereka</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedua, mencoba selalu menjelaskan unsur-unsur pokok sebelum menunjukkan unsur-unsur penunjang yang relevan dalam materi pelajaran yang disajikan. Dalam hal ini seorang guru direkomendasikan untuk mendemonstrasikan dengan alat-alat peraga yang tersedia atau memberi tanda-tanda khusus pada kata atau istilah pokok.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketiga, mencoba untuk selalu menghubungkan materi yang akan diajarkan dengan materi yang telah diajarkan pada sesi yang lalu. Keempat, ketika seorang guru bertanya kepada anak didiknya mengenai materi yang telah diajarkan, dengan memperhatikan:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seyogyanya pertanyaan itu disampaikan dengan cara yang akrab dan tidak menegangkan, tetapi wibawa tetap dijaga.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertanyaan harus jelas dan tidak mengandung banyak tafsiran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertanyaan hendaknya mengandung suatu masalah agar siswa dapat memusatkan proses sistem akalnya untuk mencari respon</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertanyaan tidak hanya untuk mendorong siswa menjawab “ya” atau “tidak” sebab hal ini akan menghambat kreativitasnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika siswa tidak mampu menjawab, Pendidik tidak perlu mendesaknya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Segera tawarkan pertanyaan yang tidak terjawab tersebut ke teman lain agar teman yang tidak bisa menjawab dapat menggambil pelajaran dari teman lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berilah pujian terhadap anak didik ketika ia bisa menjawab pertanyaan tersebut.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan pembahasan di atas dapat disimpulkan hal-hal sebagai berikut:</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memori</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Memori </span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memori atau mengingat merupakan proses menerima, menyimpan dan mengeluarkan kembali informasi-informasi yang telah diterima melalui pengamatan, kemudian disimpan dalam pusat kesadaran (otak) setelah diberikan tafsiran. Dalam otak, terdapat dua macam tempat penyimpan informasi atau tanggapan yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingatan Jangka Pendek (Short Term Memori/STM) </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingatan Jangka Panjang (Long Term Memori/LTM) </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Memori</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses memori atau mengingat terjadi dalam tiga tahapan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan perolehan Informasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan Penyimpanan Jangka Pendek atau ingatan jangka panjang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan mengeluarkan kembali apabila suatu waktu diperlukan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-Teori Memori</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori yang paling banyak yang digunakan oleh para ahli adalah teori tentang tiga proses memori, seperti berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enconding </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Storage </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor yang mempengaruhi Memori</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses mengingat atau memori banyak dipengaruhi oleh berberapa faktor, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Individu </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Sesuatu yang Harus di Ingat </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Lingkungan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkatkan Kemampuan Memori</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum usaha-usaha untuk meningkatkan kemampuan memori harus memenuhi tiga ketentuan sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengulangan/rekan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan-bahan yang akan diingat harus mempunyai hubungan dengan hal-hal lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses memori memerlukan organisasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lupa </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l28 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Lupa</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa merupakan kegagalan untuk mereproduksi kembali hal-hal yang sebelumnya telah terjadi yang disebabkan oleh lemahnya item informasi untuk ditimbulkan ulang saat informasi tersebut dibutuhkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses Terjadinya Lupa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa yang telah kita ingat, disimpan dalam bagian tertentu diotak kalau materi yang harus diingat itu tidak pernah digunakan, maka karena proses metabolisme otak, lambat laun jejak materi itu terhapus dari otak sehingga kita tidak dapat mengingatnya kembali. Jadi, karena tidak digunakan, materi itu lenyap sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mungkin pula materi itu tidak lenyap begitu saja, melainkan mengalami perubahan-perubahan secara sistematis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asimilasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mempelajari hal yang baru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Represi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Lupa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa terjadi karena gangguan konflik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena adanya tekanan terhadap item yang telah ada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa dapat terjadi pada siswa karena perubahan situasi lingkungan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa dapat terjadi karena perubahan sikap dan minat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut law of disuse (Hilgard & Bower 1975), lupa dapat terjadi karena materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak pernah digunakan atau dihafalkan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa Tentu saja dapat terjadi karena perubahan urat syaraf otak. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa Versus Hilang</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil penelitian dan refleksi atas pengalaman belajar di sekolah, memberikan petunjuk bahwa segala sesuatu yang pernah dicamkan dan dimasukan dalam ingatan, tetap menjadi milik pribadi dan tidak menghilang tanpa bekas. Dengan kata lain, kenyataan bahwa seseorang tidak dapat mengingat sesuatu, belum berarti hal itu hilang dari ingatannya, seolah-olah hal yang pernah dialami atau dipelajari sama sekali tidak mempunyai efek apa-apa. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa-Lupa Ingat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lupa-lupa ingat berlainan dengan lupa-lupaan, dan tidak sama dengan melupakan. Lupa-lupaan berarti pura-pura lupa. Melupakan berarti melalaikan, tidak mengindahkan. Baik lupa-lupaan mengandung unsur kesengajaan. Sedangkan lupa-lupa ingat berarti tidak lupa, tetapi tidak ingat benar, (masa samar, tetapi kurang pasti), agak lupa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Teori-Teori Mengenai Lupa</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ecay theory</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini beranggapan bahwa memori menjadi semakin aus aus dengan berlalunya waktu bila tidak pernah diulang kembali (rehearsal). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eori interferensi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini beranggapan bahwa informasi yang sudah disimpan dalam memori janga panjang masih ada dalam gudang memori (tidak mengalami keausan). Akan tetapi proses lupa terjadi karena informasi yang satu menggangu proses mengingat informasi lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eori retrieval failure</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teori ini sebenarnya sepakat dengan teori interferensi bahwa informasi yang sudah disimpan dalam memori jangka panjang selalu ada, tetapi kegagalan untuk mengingat kembali tidak disebabkan oleh interferensi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eori motivated forgetting</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut teori ini, kita akan cenderung melupakan hal-hal yang tidak menyenangkan. Hal-hal yang menyakitkan atau tidak menyenangkan ini cenderung ditekan atau tidak diperbolehkan muncul dalam kesadaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">upa karena sebab-sebab fisiologis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">para peneliti sepakat bahwa setiap penyimpanan informasi akan disertai berbagai perubahan fisik di otak. Perubahan fisik ini disebut engram. Gangguan pada engram ini akan mengakibatkan lupa yang disebut amnesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kiat Mengurangi Lupa dalam Belajar</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Overlearning</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Overlearning (belajar) lebih artinya upaya belajar yang melebihi batas penguasaan dasar atas materi pembelajaran tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Extra Study Time (Tambahan waktu belajar)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ialah upaya penambahan alokasi waktu belajar atau penambahan frekuensi (kekerapan) aktivitas belajar. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mnemonic Device (Muslihat Memory) </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mnemonic Device Muslihat memori atau mnemonic device yang lebih sering disebut mnemonic saja berarti kiat-kiat khusus yang biasa dijadikan “alat pengait” mental untuk memasukkan item-item informasi kedalam memori siswa. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelompokan Maksud kiat pengelompokan (Clustering) adalah menata ulang item-item materi menjadi kelompok-kelompok kecil yang dianggap lebih logis dalam arti bahwa item-item tersebut memiliki signifikasi dan lafal yang sama atau sangat mirip. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latihan Terbagi Latihan terbagi atau distributed practice adalah latihan terkumpul (massed pratice), yang sudah dianggap tidak efektif lagi karena mendorong siswa membuat cramming, yakni belajar banyak materi dengan tergesa-gesa dalam waktu yang singkat. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo42; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaruh Letak Bersambung Untuk memperoleh efek positif dari pengaruh letak bersambung (the serial position effect), siswa dianjurkan menyusun daftar kata-kata (nama, istilah, dan sebagainya) yang diawali dan diakhiri dengan kata-kata yang harus diingat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak berarti bahwa semua yang telah pernah dialami itu akan tetap tinggal seluruhnya dalam ingatan dan dapat seluruhnya ditimbulkan kembali atau dengan kata lain ada yang dilupakan. Peristiwa kelupaan ini dapat terjadi karena kemampuan ingatan yang terbatas, cepat lambat orang dalam memasukkan (mendispersi) apa yang ia pelajari, ataupun karena problem psikologis yang ada pada dirinya. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehingga diperlukan teknik-teknik tertentu untuk mengatasi kelupaan yang terjadi pada diri siswa. </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepada para pembaca jika ingin lebih mengetahui tentang bahasan ini bisa membaca buku atau majalah-majalah yang memuat tentang Memory dan Lupa</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Djamarah, Syaiful Bahri. 2008, <i>Psikologi Belajar</i>, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mahmud, M. Dimyati. 1991. <i>Psikologi Pendidikan Suatu Pendekatan Terapan</i>. Yogyakarta: PBFE.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Purwanto, M. Ngalim. 1999. <i>Psikologi Pendidikan</i>. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suyanto, Agus. 1993. <i>Psikologi Umum</i>. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Cet. 9</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syah, Muhibbin. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psikologi Pendidikan Dengan Pendekatan Baru</i>. ed. rev. Cetakan keempaat belas. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mustaqim. 2004<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Psikologi Pendidikan. Cetakan Ketiga</i>. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Walgito, Bimo. 1990. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Psikologi Umum. ed. rev. Cetakan Kedua</i>. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset dit or delete it and start blogging!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Almazini.P. <i>Mengoptimalkan Daya Ingat</i>. </span><a href="http://www.makelarz.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.makelarz.blogspot.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. 19 September 2008.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hilary. <i>Memory Otak</i>. http://hi4ry.worspress.com/. 23 Oktober 2007.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NN. <i>Memori Jangka Pendek</i>. www.groups.yahoo.com. 19 September 2008.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">N.N. <i>Meningkatkan Daya Ingat</i>. </span><a href="http://www.e-edukasi.net/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.e-edukasi.net</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. 19 September 2008.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riyanti, D.B.P., Prabowo, H,. Puspitawati, I,. (1996) . <i>Psikologi Umum 1: Seri Diktat Kuliah</i> Editor: Hendro Prabowo. Jakarta. Fakultas Psikologi Gunadarma</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Segala puji dan syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rezeki dan kesehatan kepada kami sehingga kami mempunyai kesempatan untuk menyelesaikan pembuatan makalah yang dibuat untuk memenuhi tugas kelompok mata kuliah Psikologi Pendidikan. Adapun materi makalah yang kami buat adalah "Memori dan Lupa".</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami menyadari dan meyakini bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Masih banyak kekurangan dan kesalahan yang kami sadari atau pun yang tidak kami sadari. Oleh karena itu kami mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari makalah ini, agar di masa yang akan datang kami bisa membuat makalah yang lebih baik lagi. Namun begitu, meskipun makalah ini jauh dari kata sempurna kami berharap agar makalah ini sedikit banyaknya dapat bermanfaat bagi yang membacanya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dan mendukung dalam pembuatan makalah ini. Demikian sedikit kata pengantar dari </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kami</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atas perhatian para pembaca sekalian kami mengucapkan terima kasih.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 252.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuningan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Agustus 2011</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 252.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata Pengantar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................................................... </span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daftar Isi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................................................... </span> ii</span></div><div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB I<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l26 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 36.0pt 70.9pt dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang Masalah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................... </span> 1</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l26 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 36.0pt 70.9pt dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batasan Masalah <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l26 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 36.0pt 70.9pt dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan yang Ingin dicapai<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span> 2</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l26 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 36.0pt 70.9pt dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode yang digunakan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................... </span> 2</span></div><div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................................................. </span> 3</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Memori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................... </span> 3</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Memori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................................. </span> 4</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-Teori Memori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................... </span> 4</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Memori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................... </span> 7</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan Kemampuan Memori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................... </span> 7</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lupa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................................................... </span> 8</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Lupa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................................... </span> 8</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Terjadinya Lupa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................. </span> 9</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Lupa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................. </span>10</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lupa Versus Hilang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................... </span>13</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lupa-Lupa Ingat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................................... </span>14</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-Teori Mengenai Lupa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................... </span>15</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kiat Mengurangi Lupa Dalam Belajar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................... </span>17</span></div><div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 4.0pt 0cm;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB III<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENUTUP</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">......................................................................................................... </span>22</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................................................................................... </span>26</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: dotted 326.05pt 382.75pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................................... </span> iii</span></div>yulianihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05665580843037726326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2251383717746990231.post-1863332912776529942011-08-20T00:15:00.001-07:002011-08-20T00:15:44.439-07:00CONTOH MAKALAH MEMPERTAHANKAN KEMERDEKAAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Segala puji dan syukur saya panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rezeki dan kesehatan kepada saya sehingga saya mempunyai kesempatan untuk menyelesaikan pembuatan kliping yang dibuat untuk memenuhi tugas individu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saya menyadari dan meyakini bahwa kliping ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Masih banyak kekurangan dan kesalahan yang saya sadari atau pun yang tidak saya sadari. Oleh karena itu saya mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari kliping ini, agar di masa yang akan datang saya bisa membuat kliping yang lebih baik lagi. Namun begitu, meskipun kliping ini jauh dari kata sempurna saya berharap agar kliping ini sedikit banyaknya dapat bermanfaat bagi yang membacanya.</span></div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 31pt;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="border: medium none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dan mendukung dalam pembuatan kliping ini. Demikian sedikit kata pengantar dari </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">saya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> atas perhatian para pembaca sekalian saya mengucapkan terima kasih</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kata Pengantar<span> </span><span>.................................................................................................... </span>1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar Isi<span> </span><span>.................................................................................................... </span>2</span></div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I<span> </span> PENDAHULUAN</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<span>................................................................................................ </span>3<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumusan Masalah<span>........................................................................................... </span>4</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Identifikasi masalah<span>........................................................................................ </span>4</span></div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II<span> </span><span> </span>PEMBAHASAN<span> </span></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Upaya Mempetahankan Kemerdekaan Indonesia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kembalinya Belanda Bersama Sekutu<span>............................................................ </span>5</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mendaratnya Belanda Diwakili NICA<span>........................................................... </span>5</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertempuran Melawan Sekutu dan NICA<span>...................................................... </span>6</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ibukota Pindah Ke Yogyakarta<span>...................................................................... </span>7</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan Sistem Pemerintahan<span>..................................................................... </span>7</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konferensi Malino<span>........................................................................................... </span>8</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peristiwa Westerling<span>........................................................................................ </span>8</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perjanjian Linggarjati<span>...................................................................................... </span>8</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konferensi Meja Bundar<span>................................................................................. </span>10</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengakuan Kemerdekaan Oleh Belnda<span>........................................................... </span>10</span></div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III<span> </span>PENUTUP<span> </span></span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesimpulan<span>................................................................................................ </span>11</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.95pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sesuai dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Wina&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">perjanjian Wina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1942</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, bahwa </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pihak_Sekutu_di_Perang_Dunia_II"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">negara-negara sekutu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bersepakat untuk mengembalikan wilayah-wilayah yang kini diduduki </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada pemilik koloninya masing-masing bila Jepang berhasil diusir dari daerah pendudukannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.95pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menjelang akhir </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">perang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, sebagian wilayah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> telah dikuasai oleh tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pihak_Sekutu_di_Perang_Dunia_II"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">sekutu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Satuan tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Australia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> telah mendaratkan pasukannya di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makasar"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Makasar</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjarmasin"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Banjarmasin</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, sedangkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balikpapan"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Balikpapan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> telah diduduki oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Australia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sebelum </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> menyatakan menyerah kalah. Sementara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Morotai"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Pulau Morotai</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irian_Barat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Irian Barat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bersama-sama dikuasai oleh satuan tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Australia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> di bawah pimpinan Jenderal </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Douglas MacArthur</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, Panglima Komando Kawasan Asia Barat Daya <b>(South West Pacific Area Command/SWPAC).</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.95pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah perang usai, tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Australia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bertanggung jawab terhadap </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Kalimantan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan Indonesia bagian Timur, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> menguasai </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Filipina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Inggris</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dalam bentuk komando <b>SEAC</b> <b>(South East Asia Command)</b> bertanggung jawab atas </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">India</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Burma</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanka"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Srilanka</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaya"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Malaya</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sumatra</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jawa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan Indocina. <b>SEAC</b> dengan panglima </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Mountbatten&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Lord Mountbatten</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sebagai Komando Tertinggi Sekutu di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Asia Tenggara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bertugas melucuti bala tentera </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan mengurus pengembalian tawanan perang dan tawanan warga sipil sekutu <b>(Recovered Allied Prisoners of War and Internees/RAPWI).</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kembalinya Belanda Bersama Sekutu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mendaratnya Belanda Diwakili NICA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertempuran Melawan Sekutu dan NICA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ibukota Pindah Ke Yogyakarta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan Sistem Pemerintahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konferensi Malino</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peristiwa Westerling</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>H.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perjanjian Linggarjati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konferensi Meja bundar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>J.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengakuan Kemerdekaan Oleh Belnda</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Identifikasi Masalah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Belanda mengakui kemerdekaan Indonesia pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Desember"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">27 Desember</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1949</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, selang empat tahun setelah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklamasi_Kemerdekaan_Indonesia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">proklamasi kemerdekaan RI</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_Agustus"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">17 Agustus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Pengakuan ini dilakukan ketika <b>soevereiniteitsoverdracht (penyerahan kedaulatan)</b> ditandatangani di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istana_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Istana Dam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Amsterdam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> selama ini juga ada kekhawatiran bahwa mengakui </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> merdeka pada tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sama saja mengakui tindakan <b>politionele acties (</b></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksi_Polisionil"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Aksi Polisionil</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1949</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilegal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">ilegal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<span></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%;">UPAYA MEMPERTAHANKAN KEMERDEKAAN DAN DISINTEGRASI</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kembalinya Belanda Bersama Sekutu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah perang usai, tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Australia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bertanggung jawab terhadap </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Kalimantan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan Indonesia bagian Timur, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> menguasai </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Filipina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Inggris</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dalam bentuk komando <b>SEAC</b> <b>(South East Asia Command)</b> bertanggung jawab atas </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">India</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Burma</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanka"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Srilanka</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaya"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Malaya</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sumatra</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jawa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan Indocina. <b>SEAC</b> dengan panglima </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Mountbatten&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Lord Mountbatten</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sebagai Komando Tertinggi Sekutu di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Asia Tenggara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bertugas melucuti bala tentera </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan mengurus pengembalian tawanan perang dan tawanan warga sipil sekutu <b>(Recovered Allied Prisoners of War and Internees/RAPWI).</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mendaratnya Belanda Diwakili NICA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan <b>Civil Affairs Agreement</b>, pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_Agustus"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">23 Agustus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Inggris bersama tentara Belanda mendarat di Sabang, Aceh. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_September"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">15 September</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> 1945, tentara Inggris selaku wakil Sekutu tiba di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jakarta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, dengan didampingi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_van_der_Plas"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Dr. Charles van der Plas</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, wakil Belanda pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pihak_Sekutu_di_Perang_Dunia_II"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sekutu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Kehadiran tentara Sekutu ini, diboncengi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NICA"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">NICA</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Netherland Indies Civil Administration - pemerintahan sipil Hindia Belanda) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang dipimpin oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertus_J_van_Mook"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Dr. Hubertus J van Mook</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, ia dipersiapkan untuk membuka perundingan atas dasar pidato siaran radio </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Wilhelmina"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Ratu Wilhelmina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1942</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <b>(statkundige concepti atau konsepsi kenegaraan)</b>, tetapi ia mengumumkan bahwa ia tidak akan berbicara dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Soekarno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang dianggapnya telah bekerja sama dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Pidato Ratu Wilhemina itu menegaskan bahwa di kemudian hari akan dibentuk sebuah persemakmuran yang di antara anggotanya ialah Kerajaan Belanda dan Hindia Belanda, di bawah pimpinan Ratu Belanda.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertempuran Melawan Sekutu dan NICA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Terdapat berbagai pertempuran yang terjadi pada saat masuknya Sekutu dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NICA"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">NICA</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> ke Indonesia, yang saat itu baru </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklamasi_Kemerdekaan_Indonesia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">menyatakan kemerdekaannya</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Pertempuran yang terjadi di antaranya adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristiwa_10_November"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Peristiwa 10 November</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, di daerah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Surabaya"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Surabaya</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan sekitarnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palagan_Ambarawa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Palagan Ambarawa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, di daerah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarawa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Ambarawa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semarang"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Semarang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan sekitarnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perjuangan_Gerilya_Jenderal_Soedirman&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Perjuangan Gerilya Jenderal Soedirman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, meliputi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Tengah"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jawa Tengah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Timur"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jawa Timur</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.95pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Lautan_Api"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Bandung Lautan Api</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, di daerah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Bandung</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan sekitarnya.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ibukota Pindah Ke Yogyakarta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Karena situasi keamanan ibukota </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jakarta</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (</span></b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Batavia</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> saat itu)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang makin memburuk, maka pada tanggal </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Januari"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">4 Januari</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1946</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Soekarno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatta"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Hatta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dengan menggunakan kereta api, pindah ke </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Yogyakarta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sekaligus pula memindahkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibukota"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">ibukota</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Meninggalkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjahrir"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sjahrir</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan kelompok yang pro-negosiasi dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jakarta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemindahan ke </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Yogyakarta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dilakukan dengan menggunakan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_api"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">kereta api</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, yang disebut dengan singkatan <b>KLB (Kereta Luar Biasa)</b>. Orang lantas berasumsi bahwa rangkaian kereta api yang digunakan adalah rangkaian yang terdiri dari gerbong-gerbong luar biasa. Padahal yang luar biasa adalah jadwal perjalanannya, yang diselenggarakan di luar jadwal yang ada, karena kereta dengan perjalanan luar biasa ini, mengangkut Presiden beserta Wakil Presiden, dengan keluarga dan staf, gerbong-gerbongnya dipilihkan yang istimewa, yang disediakan oleh <b>Djawatan Kereta Api (DKA)</b> untuk VVIP.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan Sistem Pemerintahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pernyataan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Mook"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">van Mook</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> untuk tidak berunding dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Soekarno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah salah satu faktor yang memicu perubahan sistem pemerintahan dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidensiil&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">presidensiil</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> menjadi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parlementer&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">parlementer</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Gelagat ini sudah terbaca oleh pihak Republik Indonesia, karena itu sehari sebelum kedatangan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pihak_Sekutu_di_Perang_Dunia_II"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sekutu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, tanggal </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_November"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">14 November</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Soekarno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sebagai kepala </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinet_Presidensial"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">pemerintahan republik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> diganti oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sutan Sjahrir</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang seorang </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialis"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">sosialis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dianggap sebagai figur yang tepat untuk dijadikan ujung tombak diplomatik, bertepatan dengan naik daunnya partai sosialis di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Terjadinya perubahan besar dalam sistem pemerintahan Republik Indonesia <b>(dari </b></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_presidensiil"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">sistem Presidensiil</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> menjadi </span></b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_parlementer"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">sistem Parlementer</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> memungkinkan perundingan antara pihak RI dan Belanda. Dalam pandangan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Inggris</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sutan Sjahrir</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dinilai sebagai seorang moderat, seorang intelek, dan seorang yang telah berperang selama pemerintahan Jepang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konferensi Malino</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bulan Juni 1946 suatu krisis terjadi dalam pemerintahan Republik Indonesia, keadaan ini dimanfaatkan oleh pihak Belanda yang telah mengusai sebelah Timur Nusantara. Dalam bulan Juni diadakan konferensi wakil-wakil daerah di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malino"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Malino</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, Sulawesi, di bawah Dr. Van Mook dan minta organisasi-organisasi di seluruh Indonesia masuk federasi dengan 4 bagian; Jawa, Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Timur Raya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peristiwa Westerling</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembantaian Westerling</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah sebutan untuk peristiwa pembunuhan ribuan rakyat sipil di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi_Selatan"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sulawesi Selatan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang dilakukan oleh pasukan Belanda <i>Depot Speciale Troepen</i> pimpinan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerling"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Westerling</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Peristiwa ini terjadi pada Desember </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1946</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-Februari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1947</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> selama operasi militer <i>Counter Insurgency</i> (penumpasan pemberontakan).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>H.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perjanjian Linggar Jati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bulan Agustus pemerintah Belanda melakukan usaha lain untuk memecah halangan dengan menunjuk tiga orang Komisi Jendral datang ke </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jawa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan membantu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Mook"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Van Mook</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dalam perundingan baru dengan wakil-wakil republik itu. Konferensi antara dua belah pihak diadakan di bulan Oktober dan November di bawah pimpinan yang netral seorang komisi khusus </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Inggris</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Killearn"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Lord Killearn</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Bertempat di bukit </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linggarjati"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Linggarjati</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dekat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirebon"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Cirebon</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Setelah mengalami tekanan berat -terutama Inggris- dari luar negeri, dicapailah suatu persetujuan tanggal </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_November"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">15 November</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1946</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang pokok pokoknya sebagai berikut </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Belanda mengakui secara <b>de facto</b> Republik Indonesia dengan wilayah kekuasaan yang meliputi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sumatra</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jawa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madura"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Madura</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> harus meninggalkan wilayah <b>de facto</b> paling lambat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Januari"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1 Januari</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1949</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Republik Indonesia dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> akan bekerja sama dalam membentuk Negara Indonesia Serikat, dengan nama </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Indonesia_Serikat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Republik Indonesia Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, yang salah satu bagiannya adalah Republik Indonesia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Republik Indonesia Serikat dan Belanda akan membentuk Uni Indonesia - Belanda dengan Ratu Belanda sebagai ketuanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Untuk ini </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Kalimantan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan Timur Raya akan menjadi komponennya. Sebuah Majelis Konstituante didirikan, yang terdiri dari wakil-wakil yang dipilih secara demokratis dan bagian-bagian komponen lain. Indonesia Serikat pada gilirannya menjadi bagian Uni Indonesia-Belanda bersama dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Suriname</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan Curasao. Hal ini akan memajukan kepentingan bersama dalam hubungan luar negeri, pertahanan, keuangan dan masalah ekonomi serta kebudayaan. Indonesia Serikat akan mengajukan diri sebagai anggota PBB. Akhirnya setiap perselisihan yang timbul dari persetujuan ini akan diselesaikan lewat arbitrase.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedua delegasi pulang ke </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jakarta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, dan Soekarno-Hatta kembali ke pedalaman dua hari kemudian, pada tanggal </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_November"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">15 November</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1946</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, di rumah Sjahrir di Jakarta, berlangsung pemarafan secara resmi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perundingan_Linggarjati"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Perundingan Linggarjati</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Sebenarnya Soekarno yang tampil sebagai kekuasaan yang memungkinkan tercapainya persetujuan, namun, Sjahrir yang diidentifikasikan dengan rancangan, dan yang bertanggung jawab bila ada yang tidak beres.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konferensi Meja Bunda</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konferensi Meja Bundar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah sebuah pertemuan antara pemerintah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Indonesia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Republik Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang dilaksanakan di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Haag"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Den Haag</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_Agustus"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">23 Agustus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> hingga </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_November"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">2 November</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1949</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Yang menghasilkan kesepakatan:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> mengakui kedaulatan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Indonesia_Serikat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Republik Indonesia Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.95pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irian_Barat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Irian Barat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> akan diselesaikan setahun setelah pengakuan kedaulatan.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>J.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengakuan Kemerdekaan Oleh Belnda</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Belanda mengakui kemerdekaan Indonesia pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Desember"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">27 Desember</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1949</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, selang empat tahun setelah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklamasi_Kemerdekaan_Indonesia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">proklamasi kemerdekaan RI</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_Agustus"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">17 Agustus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Pengakuan ini dilakukan ketika <b>soevereiniteitsoverdracht (penyerahan kedaulatan)</b> ditandatangani di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istana_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Istana Dam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Amsterdam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> selama ini juga ada kekhawatiran bahwa mengakui </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> merdeka pada tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sama saja mengakui tindakan <b>politionele acties (</b></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksi_Polisionil"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Aksi Polisionil</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1949</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilegal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">ilegal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">KESIMPULAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada dua masalah mendasar untuk menjaga keutuhan NKRI. Pertama, bagaimana memanfaatkan potensi keuntungan negara kepulauan? Kedua, bagaimana menyusun dan menerapkan strategi pertahanan dan keamanan guna mengaktualkan potensi keuntungan yang dimiliki?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Demikian makalah yang dapat kami buat. kami harap adanya makalah ini dapat memberi manfaat baik kepada saya sendiri maupun orang lain. Terima kasih atas segala saran dan kritik yang telah disampaikan. Kekurangan asalnya dari penulis, dan kebaikan datangnya dari Allah SWT.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Segala puji dan syukur saya panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rezeki dan kesehatan kepada saya sehingga saya mempunyai kesempatan untuk menyelesaikan pembuatan kliping yang dibuat untuk memenuhi tugas individu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saya menyadari dan meyakini bahwa kliping ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Masih banyak kekurangan dan kesalahan yang saya sadari atau pun yang tidak saya sadari. Oleh karena itu saya mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari kliping ini, agar di masa yang akan datang saya bisa membuat kliping yang lebih baik lagi. Namun begitu, meskipun kliping ini jauh dari kata sempurna saya berharap agar kliping ini sedikit banyaknya dapat bermanfaat bagi yang membacanya.</span></div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; padding: 0cm 0cm 31pt;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="border: medium none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dan mendukung dalam pembuatan kliping ini. Demikian sedikit kata pengantar dari </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">saya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> atas perhatian para pembaca sekalian saya mengucapkan terima kasih</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kata Pengantar<span> </span><span>.................................................................................................... </span>1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar Isi<span> </span><span>.................................................................................................... </span>2</span></div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I<span> </span> PENDAHULUAN</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<span>................................................................................................ </span>3<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumusan Masalah<span>........................................................................................... </span>4</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Identifikasi masalah<span>........................................................................................ </span>4</span></div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II<span> </span><span> </span>PEMBAHASAN<span> </span></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Upaya Mempetahankan Kemerdekaan Indonesia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kembalinya Belanda Bersama Sekutu<span>............................................................ </span>5</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mendaratnya Belanda Diwakili NICA<span>........................................................... </span>5</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertempuran Melawan Sekutu dan NICA<span>...................................................... </span>6</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ibukota Pindah Ke Yogyakarta<span>...................................................................... </span>7</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan Sistem Pemerintahan<span>..................................................................... </span>7</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konferensi Malino<span>........................................................................................... </span>8</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peristiwa Westerling<span>........................................................................................ </span>8</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perjanjian Linggarjati<span>...................................................................................... </span>8</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konferensi Meja Bundar<span>................................................................................. </span>10</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengakuan Kemerdekaan Oleh Belnda<span>........................................................... </span>10</span></div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III<span> </span>PENUTUP<span> </span></span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesimpulan<span>................................................................................................ </span>11</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.95pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sesuai dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Wina&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">perjanjian Wina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1942</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, bahwa </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pihak_Sekutu_di_Perang_Dunia_II"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">negara-negara sekutu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bersepakat untuk mengembalikan wilayah-wilayah yang kini diduduki </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada pemilik koloninya masing-masing bila Jepang berhasil diusir dari daerah pendudukannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.95pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menjelang akhir </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">perang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, sebagian wilayah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> telah dikuasai oleh tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pihak_Sekutu_di_Perang_Dunia_II"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">sekutu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Satuan tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Australia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> telah mendaratkan pasukannya di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makasar"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Makasar</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjarmasin"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Banjarmasin</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, sedangkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balikpapan"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Balikpapan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> telah diduduki oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Australia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sebelum </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> menyatakan menyerah kalah. Sementara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Morotai"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Pulau Morotai</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irian_Barat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Irian Barat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bersama-sama dikuasai oleh satuan tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Australia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> di bawah pimpinan Jenderal </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Douglas MacArthur</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, Panglima Komando Kawasan Asia Barat Daya <b>(South West Pacific Area Command/SWPAC).</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.95pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah perang usai, tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Australia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bertanggung jawab terhadap </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Kalimantan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan Indonesia bagian Timur, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> menguasai </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Filipina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Inggris</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dalam bentuk komando <b>SEAC</b> <b>(South East Asia Command)</b> bertanggung jawab atas </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">India</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Burma</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanka"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Srilanka</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaya"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Malaya</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sumatra</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jawa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan Indocina. <b>SEAC</b> dengan panglima </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Mountbatten&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Lord Mountbatten</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sebagai Komando Tertinggi Sekutu di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Asia Tenggara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bertugas melucuti bala tentera </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan mengurus pengembalian tawanan perang dan tawanan warga sipil sekutu <b>(Recovered Allied Prisoners of War and Internees/RAPWI).</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kembalinya Belanda Bersama Sekutu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mendaratnya Belanda Diwakili NICA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertempuran Melawan Sekutu dan NICA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ibukota Pindah Ke Yogyakarta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan Sistem Pemerintahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konferensi Malino</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peristiwa Westerling</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>H.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perjanjian Linggarjati</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konferensi Meja bundar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>J.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengakuan Kemerdekaan Oleh Belnda</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Identifikasi Masalah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Belanda mengakui kemerdekaan Indonesia pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Desember"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">27 Desember</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1949</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, selang empat tahun setelah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklamasi_Kemerdekaan_Indonesia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">proklamasi kemerdekaan RI</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_Agustus"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">17 Agustus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Pengakuan ini dilakukan ketika <b>soevereiniteitsoverdracht (penyerahan kedaulatan)</b> ditandatangani di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istana_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Istana Dam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Amsterdam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> selama ini juga ada kekhawatiran bahwa mengakui </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> merdeka pada tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sama saja mengakui tindakan <b>politionele acties (</b></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksi_Polisionil"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Aksi Polisionil</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1949</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilegal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">ilegal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.<span></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%;">UPAYA MEMPERTAHANKAN KEMERDEKAAN DAN DISINTEGRASI</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kembalinya Belanda Bersama Sekutu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah perang usai, tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Australia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bertanggung jawab terhadap </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Kalimantan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan Indonesia bagian Timur, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> menguasai </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Filipina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan tentara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Inggris</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dalam bentuk komando <b>SEAC</b> <b>(South East Asia Command)</b> bertanggung jawab atas </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">India</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Burma</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanka"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Srilanka</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaya"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Malaya</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sumatra</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jawa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan Indocina. <b>SEAC</b> dengan panglima </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Mountbatten&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Lord Mountbatten</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sebagai Komando Tertinggi Sekutu di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Asia Tenggara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bertugas melucuti bala tentera </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan mengurus pengembalian tawanan perang dan tawanan warga sipil sekutu <b>(Recovered Allied Prisoners of War and Internees/RAPWI).</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mendaratnya Belanda Diwakili NICA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan <b>Civil Affairs Agreement</b>, pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_Agustus"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">23 Agustus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Inggris bersama tentara Belanda mendarat di Sabang, Aceh. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_September"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">15 September</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> 1945, tentara Inggris selaku wakil Sekutu tiba di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jakarta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, dengan didampingi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_van_der_Plas"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Dr. Charles van der Plas</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, wakil Belanda pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pihak_Sekutu_di_Perang_Dunia_II"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sekutu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Kehadiran tentara Sekutu ini, diboncengi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NICA"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">NICA</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Netherland Indies Civil Administration - pemerintahan sipil Hindia Belanda) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">yang dipimpin oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertus_J_van_Mook"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Dr. Hubertus J van Mook</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, ia dipersiapkan untuk membuka perundingan atas dasar pidato siaran radio </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Wilhelmina"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Ratu Wilhelmina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1942</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <b>(statkundige concepti atau konsepsi kenegaraan)</b>, tetapi ia mengumumkan bahwa ia tidak akan berbicara dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Soekarno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang dianggapnya telah bekerja sama dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepang"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jepang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Pidato Ratu Wilhemina itu menegaskan bahwa di kemudian hari akan dibentuk sebuah persemakmuran yang di antara anggotanya ialah Kerajaan Belanda dan Hindia Belanda, di bawah pimpinan Ratu Belanda.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertempuran Melawan Sekutu dan NICA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Terdapat berbagai pertempuran yang terjadi pada saat masuknya Sekutu dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NICA"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">NICA</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> ke Indonesia, yang saat itu baru </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklamasi_Kemerdekaan_Indonesia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">menyatakan kemerdekaannya</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Pertempuran yang terjadi di antaranya adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristiwa_10_November"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Peristiwa 10 November</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, di daerah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Surabaya"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Surabaya</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan sekitarnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palagan_Ambarawa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Palagan Ambarawa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, di daerah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarawa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Ambarawa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semarang"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Semarang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan sekitarnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perjuangan_Gerilya_Jenderal_Soedirman&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Perjuangan Gerilya Jenderal Soedirman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, meliputi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Tengah"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jawa Tengah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_Timur"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jawa Timur</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.95pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Lautan_Api"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Bandung Lautan Api</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, di daerah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Bandung</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan sekitarnya.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ibukota Pindah Ke Yogyakarta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Karena situasi keamanan ibukota </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jakarta</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (</span></b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Batavia</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> saat itu)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang makin memburuk, maka pada tanggal </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Januari"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">4 Januari</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1946</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Soekarno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatta"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Hatta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dengan menggunakan kereta api, pindah ke </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Yogyakarta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sekaligus pula memindahkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibukota"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">ibukota</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Meninggalkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjahrir"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sjahrir</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan kelompok yang pro-negosiasi dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Jakarta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemindahan ke </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Yogyakarta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dilakukan dengan menggunakan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_api"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">kereta api</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, yang disebut dengan singkatan <b>KLB (Kereta Luar Biasa)</b>. Orang lantas berasumsi bahwa rangkaian kereta api yang digunakan adalah rangkaian yang terdiri dari gerbong-gerbong luar biasa. Padahal yang luar biasa adalah jadwal perjalanannya, yang diselenggarakan di luar jadwal yang ada, karena kereta dengan perjalanan luar biasa ini, mengangkut Presiden beserta Wakil Presiden, dengan keluarga dan staf, gerbong-gerbongnya dipilihkan yang istimewa, yang disediakan oleh <b>Djawatan Kereta Api (DKA)</b> untuk VVIP.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan Sistem Pemerintahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pernyataan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Mook"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">van Mook</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> untuk tidak berunding dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Soekarno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah salah satu faktor yang memicu perubahan sistem pemerintahan dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidensiil&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">presidensiil</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> menjadi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parlementer&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">parlementer</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Gelagat ini sudah terbaca oleh pihak Republik Indonesia, karena itu sehari sebelum kedatangan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pihak_Sekutu_di_Perang_Dunia_II"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sekutu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, tanggal </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_November"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">14 November</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Soekarno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sebagai kepala </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinet_Presidensial"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">pemerintahan republik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> diganti oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sutan Sjahrir</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang seorang </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialis"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">sosialis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dianggap sebagai figur yang tepat untuk dijadikan ujung tombak diplomatik, bertepatan dengan naik daunnya partai sosialis di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Terjadinya perubahan besar dalam sistem pemerintahan Republik Indonesia <b>(dari </b></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_presidensiil"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">sistem Presidensiil</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> menjadi </span></b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_parlementer"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">sistem Parlementer</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> memungkinkan perundingan antara pihak RI dan Belanda. Dalam pandangan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Inggris</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sutan Sjahrir</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dinilai sebagai seorang moderat, seorang intelek, dan seorang yang telah berperang selama pemerintahan Jepang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konferensi Malino</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bulan Juni 1946 suatu krisis terjadi dalam pemerintahan Republik Indonesia, keadaan ini dimanfaatkan oleh pihak Belanda yang telah mengusai sebelah Timur Nusantara. Dalam bulan Juni diadakan konferensi wakil-wakil daerah di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malino"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Malino</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, Sulawesi, di bawah Dr. Van Mook dan minta organisasi-organisasi di seluruh Indonesia masuk federasi dengan 4 bagian; Jawa, Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Timur Raya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peristiwa Westerling</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembantaian Westerling</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah sebutan untuk peristiwa pembunuhan ribuan rakyat sipil di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi_Selatan"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Sulawesi Selatan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang dilakukan oleh pasukan Belanda <i>Depot Speciale Troepen</i> pimpinan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerling"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">Westerling</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. Peristiwa ini terjadi pada Desember </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1946</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-Februari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">1947</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> selama operasi militer <i>Counter Insurgency</i> (penumpasan pemberontakan).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>H.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perjanjian Linggar Jati</span></div>yulianihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05665580843037726326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2251383717746990231.post-2406844308351995102011-08-19T01:10:00.003-07:002011-08-19T01:10:20.049-07:00CONTOH BIANTARA BASA SUNDA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Assalmualaikum Wr. Wb</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Bapa miwah Ibu guru anu ku abdi di pihormat sareng rerencangan sadayana Anu ku abdi dibanggakeun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Hayu urang panjatkeun puji sinareng syukur ka gusti allah SWT.Anu parantos maparin kasehatan sareng kakiatan ka urang sadayana.Sholawat miwah salam mugia salamina kakocorkeun ka junjungan urang sadaya Nabi MUHAMAD SAW. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapara kulawargana,sahabatna,sareng ka urang sadaya salaku umatna.Nu mugi-mugi taat kana ajarana sampe ahir zaman Amin... Amin... ya robal alamin... Para hadirin anu ku simkuring di pihormat, abdi ngadeg di dieu bade ngawakilan Ti kelas 9 kanggo ngadugikeun sakeucap dua kecap di acara Paturay Tineung ieu.Abdi salaku wawakil ti kelas 9 ngahatur nuhunkeun tina sadaya elmu Nu di pasihan ku bapa sinareng ibu guru. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Abdi henteu tiasa masihan nanaon Ka bapa sinareng ibu guru mung tiasa ngadoakeun mugi bapa sareng ibu guruDi pasihan kasehatan sareng kakiatan ti gusti allah SWT. Hapunteun tina sadaya kalepatan abdi sareng rerencangan salami abdi sakola didieu Anu di sengaja atanapi henteu di sengajaHadiri sadaya anu ku si abdi dipihormat sakit nu di pikahatur hatur nuhun tina sagalaPerhatosana, hapunteun bilih aya kecap anu kurang merenah di bapa ibu sadayana</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Bilahitopik walhidayah Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb</span></div>yulianihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05665580843037726326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2251383717746990231.post-29585408485322921852011-08-19T00:46:00.000-07:002011-08-19T00:46:29.009-07:00makalah fiqih "HUDUD DAN HIKMAHNYA"<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah Yang Maha Pengasih karena atas limpahan rahmat dan karunia-Nya kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah yang berjudul “HUDUD DAN HIKMAHNYA”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Dalam penyusunan makalah ini banyak kesulitan dan hambatan yang kami hadapi, namun berkat bimbingan, dorongan, dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak akhirnya makalah ini dapat kami selesaikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Oleh karena itu, pada kesempatn ini kami menyampaikan rasa terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-yingginya kepada yang terhormat :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bapak Ibnu Sirin, M.Pd selaku Kepala MAN Luragung</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bapak Aripin, S.Pd Selaku Wali Kelas XI IPA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bapak Abdul Azis, S. Ag selaku </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Akhirnya semoga dorongan dan bantuan yang telah Bapak berikan kepada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kami mendapat imbalan Allah Yang Maha Pengasih. Amin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luragung, Juli 2011 </span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyusun<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata Pengantar<span> </span><span>.................................................................................................... </span>i</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Isi<span> </span><span>.................................................................................................... </span>ii</span></div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<span> </span> PENDAHULUAN</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang<span>................................................................................................ </span>1<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah<span>........................................................................................... </span>1</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Identifikasi masalah<span>........................................................................................ </span>2</span></div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<span> </span><span> </span>PEMBAHASAN<span> </span></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hudud Dan Hikmahnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum Zina<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Dan Hukum Zina<span>..................................................................... </span>3</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar Hukum Dilarangnya Zina<span>................................................................ </span>3</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar Penetapan adanya Perbuatan zina<span>................................................... </span>4</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam-macam zina<span>................................................................................... </span>4</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam-macam hukuman bagi pezina<span>........................................................ </span>5</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hikmah diharamkannya zina<span>..................................................................... </span>6</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjauhi perbuatan zina<span>........................................................................... </span>6</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Qadzaf<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Qadzaf<span>..................................................................................... </span>7</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum Qadzaf<span>.......................................................................................... </span>7</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Had Qadzaf<span>............................................................................................... </span>7</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat-Syarat Dikenakannya Had Qadzaf<span>................................................ </span>8</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat-Syarat Gugurnya Had Qadzaf<span>....................................................... </span>8</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hikmah Had Qadzaf<span>................................................................................. </span>9</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjauhi Pebuatan Qadzaf<span>....................................................................... </span>9</span></div><div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 4pt;"> <div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<span> </span>PENUTUP<span> </span></span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan<span>................................................................................................ </span>10</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<span> </span><span>.................................................................................................... </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk lebih meningkatkan wawasan siswa-siswi dan pendalaman terhadap ilmu agamayang lebih luas lagi timbul rasa kecintaan terhadap ilmu agama, maka kami menganggap perlu untuk bisa lebih jauh mengenalinya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Timbulnya rasa kecintaan dan keingintahuan terhadap ilmu agama akan berdampak positif sekaligus menjadi bekal dimasa yang akan datang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyusunan makalah ini bertujuan supaya mengenali lebih jauh tentang ilmu agama, tetapi tidak hanya sekedar mengenali dan diharapkan agar memahami serta menerapkannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian dan hukum zina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar hukum dilarangnya zina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menunjukan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam-macam zina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam-macam hukuman bagi pezina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hikmah diharamkannya zina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjauhi perbuatan zina</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan pengertian dan hukum qadzaf</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan had qadzaf</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan syarat-syarat had qadzaf</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan hikmah qadzaf</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan menjauhi perbuatan qadzaf</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Identifikasi Masalah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hudud adalah hukuman-hukuman tertentu, yang wajib dikenakan pada orang yang melanggar larangan –larangan tertentu dalam agama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu melakukan persetubuhan antara laki-laki dan perempuan yang bukan suami istri dan bukan pula dengan budaknya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam-macam zina :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 57.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zina muhshan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 57.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zina ghair muhshan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Qadzaf </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu melemparkan sangkaan pada seseorang tanpa dikuatkan dangan bukti-bukti yang nyata.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hudud Dan Hikmahnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Hudud adalah bentuk jama’ dari kata had yang artinya sesuatu yang membatasi dua benda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Menurut bahasa, kata had adalah al-man’u (Cegahan)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Menurut syar’i, Hudud adalah hukuman-hukuman kejahatan yang telah ditetapkan oleh syara untuk mencegah dari terjerumusnya seseorang kepada kejahatan yang sama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Hudud adalah hukuman-hukuman tertentu yang wajib dikenakan pada orang yang melanggar larangan-larangan tertentu dalam agama. Seperti zina, menuduh zina, Qadzaf dan lain sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum Zina<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian dan hukum zina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Zina yaitu melakukan persetubuhan antara laki-laki dengan perempuan yang bukan suami istri dan bukan pula dengan budaknya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Jadi perbuatan Zina itu adalah haram hukumnya dan termasuk salah satu dosa besar, karena perbuatn tersebut termasuk perbuatan keji, pergaulan seperti binatang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar hukum dilarangnya zina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Surat al-Isra ayat 32 </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 36pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>w</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>o</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>T</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>h</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>(</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>¼</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>¯</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>%</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>±</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>W</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Artinya : Dan janganlah kamu mendekati zina; Sesungguhnya zina itu adalah suatu perbuatan yang keji. dan suatu jalan yang buruk.</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Dalam sebuah hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh nasa’i yang artinya :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>“Dari Abu Hurairah, bahwasannya Rasulullah SAW bersabda” ada empat hal yang menyebabkan kemurkaan Allah kepada mereka (Umatnya). Yaitu pembual yang suka bersumpah, orang fakir yang sombong, orang lanjut usia yang ber Zina dan pemimpin yang durhaka (HR. Nasa’i)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar Penetapan Adanya Pebuatan Zina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada dua cara yang dijadikan dasar untuk menetapkan bahwa menurut syara seseorang telah berbuat Zina, Yaitu ;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Empat orang saksi dengan syarat : semuanya laki-laki adil, memberikan kesaksian yang sama tentang tempat, waktu dan cara melakukannya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengakuan dari pelaku, dengan syarat sudah baligh dan berakal. Jika orang yang mengaku telah berbuat zina itu belum baligh atau sudah baligh tapi akalnya terganggu atau gila, maka tidak bisa ditetapkan had zina padanya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam-macam zina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zina muhshan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Zina muhshan yaituzina yang dilakukan oleh dua orang yang sudah pernah menikah. Artinya yang dilakukan oleh seami atau istri, duda maupun janda.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zina ghair muhshan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Zina ghair muhshan yaitu zina yang dilakukan oleh orang yang belum pernah menikah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam-macam hukuman bagi pezina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Had pagi pelaku zina muhshan yaitu dirajam atau dilempari dengan batu sampai mati. Hukum rajam ini juga didasarkan kepada khabar darai Umar bin Khattab</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Had bagi pelaku Zina Ghair Muhshan yaitu dijilid (dicambuk) sebanyak 100 kali dan dibuang kedaerah lain (Diasingkan) selama satu tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Firman Allah SWT :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>T</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>_</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>º</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>k</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>]</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>i</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>;</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>o</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>_</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>(</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Artinya : Perempuan yang berzina dan laki-laki yang berzina, Maka deralah tiap-tiap seorang dari keduanya seratus kali dera.</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Dera artinya memukul dengan rotan kecil atau cambuk yang dupukulkan/dicambukkan keadaan dengan ketentuan tidak menghancurkan tetapi menyakitkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Adapun Had Zina bagi hamba sahaya adalah separuh dari had yang merdeka, yaitu dijilid 50 kali dan diasingkan keluar daerah selama setengah tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Firman Allah SWT :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>*</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>£</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Á</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>é</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>*</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ú</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>?</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>±</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>£</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>k</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Á</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>R</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>?</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>M</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>o</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>|</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Á</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Æ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>É</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Artinya : dan apabila mereka (Budak) telah menjaga diri dengan kawin, kemudian mereka melakukan perbuatan yang keji (zina), Maka atas mereka separo hukuman dari hukuman wanita-wanita merdeka yang bersuami. (Kebolehan mengawini budak) itu, adalah bagi orang-orang yang takut kepada kemasyakatan menjaga diri (dari perbuatan zina) di antara kamu, dan kesabaran itu lebih baik bagimu. dan Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang.</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Apabila terjadi perzinaan antara seorang ghair Muhshan dengan seorang muhshan, maka berdasarkan acuan diatas, terhadap yang muhshan harus dilakukan hukum rajam, sedangkan bagi yang ghair muhshan cukup didera saja.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hikmah diharamkannya zina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjaga kesucian dan harga diri atau martabat manusia, baik dihadapan manusia maupun Allah SWT</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjaga nasab (Keturunan) Dari pencampur adukan yang diharamkan oleh agama</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terpelihara dari penyakit-penyakit kotor yang diakibatkan kebebasan seksual </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan dilaksanakannya hukuman bagi pelaku zina secara terbuka dan demonstratif dapat menanamkan rasa takut bagi orang yang bermaksud berbuat zina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memelihara ketertiban dan ketentraman rumah tangga</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjauhi perbuatan zina</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Zina adalah perbuatan fakhisyah, yaitu perbuatan yang keji atau menjijikan. Zina adalah perbuatan dan cara binatng dalam bergaul, yaitu pergaulan bebas tanpa batas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Orang yang melakukan perzinaan adalah orang yang hanya mampu melihat dengan mata kepala dan selera semata. Tetapi ia tidak mampu melihat dengan mata hati dan mata imannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Manusia seperti ini tidak sadar, bahwa dunia ini sering menipu kita bagaikan fatamorgana. Tidak menyadari bahwa dunia ini adalah sementara, dan tidak menyadari pula bahwa akhirat adalah lebih baik dan lebih kekal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Penyakit AIDS akibat virus HIV misalnya adalah penyakit yang paling banyak ditimbulkan oleh hubungan heterosex liar (perzinaan) baik melalui Kubul maupun Dubur. Penyakit tersebut sampai saat ini belum ditemukan obatnya. Ini adalah sebagai bencana karena ulah kotor manusia, sekaligus sebagi kutukan dari Allah SWT.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Qadzaf<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian qadzaf</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Qadzaf<span> </span>adalah bentuk mashdar dari<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang artinya melempar atau melontar sedangklan menurut istilah syar’i qadzaf adalah : “Melemparkan tuduhan berbuat zina kepada orang lain”</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Menuduh artinya melemparkan sangkaan pada seseorang tanpa dikuatkan dengan bukti-bukti yang nyata. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum qadzaf</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Menuduh seseorang berbuat zina adalah perbuatan kejahatan dan hukumnya haram.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Allah SWT berfirman :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>û</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>%</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>©</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>M</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>|</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Á</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>K</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>M</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>M</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>o</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>o</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>F</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>l</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>;</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>×</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>L</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span>Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span> </span></span></div>yulianihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05665580843037726326noreply@blogger.com1